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Historic,  Archive  Document 

Do  not  assume  content  reflects  current 
scientific  knowledge,  policies,  or  practices. 


'50 


6^ 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Volume  VIII 


JULY,  1913 


Number  1  ^ 


SPECIAL  EDITION 


on 


THE  FRUIT  INDUSTRY,  DIVERSITY,  SOILS, 
MOISTURE  AND  COVER  CROPS 


A  CLOVER  FIELD  IN  THE  NORTHWEST 
Clover,  Alfalfa  and  Vetch  are  all  Splendid  Cover  Crops 


BETTER  FRUIT  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS,  HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 


Subscription  ^1.00  per  Year  in  the  United  States;  Canada  and  Foreign,  Including  Postage,  $1.50 


Single  Copy  10  Cents 


We  invite  inquiries  from  all  Nurserymen, 
Fruit  Growers  and  Manufacturers  who 
are  contemplating  the  issuing  of 

Catalogs 
Advertising  Matter 

or  Printing  of  Jlny  IQind 

We  make  a  specialty  of  out-of-town  orders  and  handle 
them  with  a  facility  unequaled  anywhere.  Our 
thorough  equipment  makes  possible  a  high  quality  of 
work  at  a  low  cost.  Send  us  specifications  of  your 
work  and  we  will  give  estimates  by  return  mail. 
You  will  find  us  prompt,  accurate  and  equal  to  any- 
thing in  the  production  of  GOOD  PRINTING. 

Better  Fruit  is  printed  in  our  shop.  Its  beautiful 
appearance  bears  testimony  to  our  skill. 

F.  W.  BALTES  &  COMPANY 


FIRST  &  OAK 
STREETS 


PORTLAND 
OREGON 


JOHN  B.  CANCELMO 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Car-Lot  Distributor 


Liberal  Advances 


Helping  Consumption 


WE  WILL  MAIL  YOU  EACH  WEEK 

The  Great  Earin  Paper  of  the  West.    Eor  the  Western  Earnier  and  His  Eaniily 

Six  Full  Months  for  25c  —  Half  Price 

BE  ONE  OF  30,000  MORE  SUCCESSFUL  FARMERS 

The  Pacific  Homestead  is  now  read  and  appreciated  by  20,000  farmers  in  the  Northwest,  many  of  whom  make  a  net  profit  of  from 
$1,000  to  $10,000  a  year  from  their  farms  more  than  they  formerly  did.  because  they  learned  how  through  reading  the  valuable  articles 
in  this  publication,  written  by  our  nine  expert  paid  editorial  writers,  and  from  the  experiences  of  other  farmers  who  have  "learned  how" 
and  write  the  Pacific  Homestead  telling  others  "how,"  and  how  to  avoid  costly  mistakes.  They  each  paid  a  full  dollar  for  a  year's 
subscription.  They  like  it  so  well  they  will  send  another  dollar  when  their  time  expires.  We  want  10,000  more  subscribers  at  once. 
THE  PACIFIC  HOMESTEAD  is  the  biggest  and  best  farm  paper  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  When  we  get  30,000  subscribers  we  will  be 
about  twice  as  big  as  any  other.  We  will  make  the  paper  more  than  twice  as  good  as  any  other — lots  more — and  your  subscription 
will  help. 

Each  Week  for  Six  Months  for  25c— Just  Half  Price 


i^TTlJ  OP^l^^T^R  ^^''^'^  us  25  cents,  stamps  or  coin,  and  we 
"  U  At  vfX  -C  XiXt  ■jyiil  send  you  the  Pacific  Homestead  every 
week  for  s.f?c  long  ^months,  including  the  great  Fruit  Number, 
elaborately  iprfiitjscf  jU'ti  ^"ihree  colors,  a  wonderful  number  that  will 
be  worth  25  bents.' c  c 

rrilVfTH  T^I4~6\[f^'^'^'s  is  a  trial  oi^cr.    It  Is  made  to  new 
li  J-f  J- J^i^Vll  ^3  subscribers  only,  and  will  not  be  repeated. 
Old  subscribeiV  MSJST  pay  the  regular  price.    Your  name  MUST 
be  sent  in  on  the  coupon  opposite  to  secure  this  special  offer. 

ATJ'C'rkTTp'QTl  This  is  the  greatest  offer  I  have  ever  made 
XlU\^UiiC5J-  and  I  want  every  Western  farmer  to  read 
it  and  get  the  opportunity  to  use  it.  I  want  you  to  help  me 
spread  the  news,  by  showing  the  offer  to  your  neighbor.  If  you 
are  interested  in  some  one  you  may  not  see  this  week,  send  me 
his  name  and  I  will  send  him  a  copy  of  the  ad.  This  will  be  a 
favor  to  me  and  also  to  the  neighbor.    You  will  do  it,  won't  you? 

CARLE  ABRAMS,  Manager. 

THE  PACIFIC  HOMESTEAD,  Salem,  Ore. 


Accept  this  Special 
Offer,     sending  25 


IRONCLAD  GUARANTEE 

cents,  and  read  carefully  the  first  four  numbers  you  will  receive. 
Then  if  you  do  not  consider  that  you  got  a  bargain  and  that  the 
Pacific  Homestead  is  the  best  farm  paper  published  in  the  West, 
write  us  saying  you  have  carefully  read  the  four  numbers  and 
that  you  are  disappointed,  and  we  will  stop  the  paper  and  return 
your  money.    You  will  be  both  judge  and  jury. 

CLIP  THIS  COUPON   


The  Pacific  Homestead,  Salem,  Oregon 

Gentlemen:  I  enclose  25  cents,  stamps  or  coin,  for  the  Pacific 
Homestead  each  week  for  six  months  on  trial  under  your 
guarantee. 


Name  . 


Address  . 


B.F.— 6-1-13 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


^912  BE^T^fl^lJ^UIT  P<^ge  3 


SIMONS,  SHUTTLEWORTH  &  CO.,  Liverpool  and  Manchester 
SIMONS,  JACOBS  &  CO.,  Glasgow                         GARCIA,  JACOBS  &  CO.,  London 
J.  H.  LUTTEN  &  SON,  Hamburg          OMER  DECUGIS  ET  FILS,  Paris 

European  Receivers  of  American  Fruits 

FOR  MARKET  INFORMATION  ADDRESS 
Simons,  Shuttleworth  &  French  Co.     Walter  Webling        Ira  B.  Solomon    Simons  Fruit  Co.  (D.  L.  Dick,  Manager) 

204  Franklin  Street,  New  York               46  Clinton  St.,  Boston            Canning,  N.  S.                 27  Church  Street,  Toronto,  Ontario 

OUR  SPECIALTIES  ARE  APPLES  AND  PEARS 

IF  YOU  WANT  TO  MARKET 
TOUR 

FRUIT 

RIGHT 

ALWAYS  SHI?  TO 

W.  B.  Glaf ke  Co. 

WHOLESALE  FRUITS 
AND  PRODUCE 

108-110  Front  Street 
PORTLAND,  OREGON 

W.  H.  DRYER                                                                                         W.  W.  BOLLAM 

DRYER,  BOLLAM  &  CO. 

GENERAL 
COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 

128  FRONT  STREET 

PHONES:     MAIN  2348                                                         T>/-\TDmT  *  tvttn    /-vm-iz-i /atvt 

A  2348                                      PORTLAND,  OREGON 

LEVY  &  SPIEGL 

r^HOLESALE 
FRUITS  AKD  PRODUCE 
Commission  Merchants 

SOLICIT  YOUR  CONSIGNMENTS 

Top  Prices  and  Prompt  Returns 
PORTLAND,  OREGON 

STORAGE 

Ship  your  Furniture  to  us 
to  be  stored 
until  you  are  located 

Transfer  &  Livery  Co. 
Hood  River,  Oregon 

The  Old  Reliable 

BELL  &  CO. 

Incorporated 

WHOLESALE 

Fruits  and  Produce 

112-114  Front  Street 
PORTLAND,  OREGON 

Richey  &  Gilbert  Go. 

H.  M.  Gilbert,  President  and  Manager 
Growers  and  Shippers  of 

YAKIMA  VALLEY  FRUITS 
AND  PRODUCE 

Specialties:   Apples,  Peaches, 
Pears  and  Cantaloupes 

TOPPENISH,  WASHINGTON 

W.  F.  LARAWAY 

DOCTOR  OF  OPTHALMOLOGY 

EYES  LENSES 
TESTED  GROUND 

Over  30  Years'  Experience 

Telescopes,  Field  Glasses 

Magnifiers  to  examine  scale 

Hood  River       and  Glenwood 

Oregon  Iowa 

Mark  Levy  &  Co. 

COMMISSION 
MERCHANTS 

Wholesale  Fruits 

121-123    FRONT  AND 
200  WASHINGTON  ST. 

PORTLAND,  OREGON 

You  Can  Get  Maximum 
Fruit  Crops 

If  you  keep  a  few  bees  to  pollinate  your 
blossoms,  and  keep  them  right. 

First  Lessons  in  Bee-Keeping  tells  how 
to  do  this.    Price  50c  by  mail. 

The  American  Bee  Journal  is  a  monthly 
magazine  devoted  to  the  interests  of  bees 
and  their  products.  Price  fl.OO  a  year. 
Sample  copy  free. 

We  club  the  book  and  magazine  to- 
gether, both  for  only  $1.00.  Write  at 
once  to 

AMERICAN  BEE  JOURNAL, 
Hamilton,  Illinois 

IF  YOU  WANT  TO  KNOW  ABOUT 

OREGON 

SUBSCRIBE  FOR 

THE  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  BULLETIN 

The  largest  commercial  magazine  in 

the  West. 
Devoted  to  upbuilding  Oregon  and 
the  Pacific  Northwest. 
SUBSCRIBE  NOW,  $1.50  PER  YEAR 

ADDRESS 

THE  CHAMBER'OF  COMMERCE  BULLETIN 

David  N.  Mosessohn,  Publisher 
Suite  716  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building 
PORTLAND,  OREGON 

WHEN  WRITING  ADVERTISERS  MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  4 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Paste  for  Labeling — "Palo  Alto"  Paste  Powder 


added  to  cold  water,  instantly 
makes  a  beautiful,  smooth, 
■white  paste.  Ready  for  imme- 
diate use  at  a  cost  of  ten  cents 
a  gallon.  No  labor.  No  muss. 
No  spoiled  paste. 

Paste  Specialists 

Robinson  Chemical  Works 

349-351  Eighth  Street 
San  Francisco,  California 


The  Irrigation  Age 


The  pioneer  journal  of  its  kind  and  the  leading  repre- 
sentative of  the  Irrigation  and  Drainage  industries, 
Western  resources,  agricultural,  mineral  and  industrial 
development.  The  only  distinct  Irrigation  and  Drain- 
age publication  in  the  vs^orld. 

"Better  Fruit"  $1.50  per  year 


HOOD  RIVER  VALLEY  NURSERY  COMPANY 

Phono  5634  Route  No.  3,  Box  227  HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 

Plantation  four  miles  southwest  of  station,  Belmont  Road 
We  will  be  pleased  to  show  you  trees,  apple  trees  that  have  a  heritage,  a  quality  that 
should  be  considered  by  everyone  who  plants  a  tree.  Our  trees  are  grown  in  clean  hillside 
virgin  red  shot  soil  with  clay  subsoil,  producing  the  most  vigorous  root  system.  Our  buds  are 
selected  from  the  best  bearing  healthy  Hood  River  trees  that  make  the  Hood  River  apple 
famous  throughout  the  world.  Our  trees  will  give  you  satisfactory  results  in  vigor,  fruit  and 
quality.  Ask  for  catalog.  We  guarantee  our  products.  Apples,  pears,  peaches,  apricots, 
almonds  and  walnuts.  H.  S.  BUTTERFIELD,  President 


When  you  get  to  Hood 
River,  stop  at  the 

Mt.  Hood 
Hotel 


Occupying  one-half  block;  with 
a  new  brick  annex. 


Rooms  single  or  in  suites. 

20  rooms  with  bath. 
Special  rates  to  families. 

Trains  stop  daily  in  front  of  Hotel. 
Bus  meets  all  boats. 


IF 


You  like  this  publication; 
You  find  it  helpful; 
You  are  in  earnest  about 


"Better  Fruit 


Tell  your  fruit-growing  neighbors 
about  it.    Help  us  in  this  way  to 
help  you. 


Hood  River  Nurseries 

Have  for  the  coming  season  a  very  complete  line  of 

Nursery  Stock 

Newtown  and  Spitzenberg  propagated  from 
selected  bearing  trees.  Make  no  mistake, 
but  start  your  orchard  right.  Plant  gen- 
eration trees.  Hood  River  (Clark  Seed- 
ling) strawberry  plants  in  quantities  to  suit 

SEND  FOR  PRICES 

RAWSON  &  STANTON,  Hood  River,  Oreg-on 


we:  make 

CUTS 

JjAT  PRINT 


HICKS  -  CHATTEL 
BISTGRAVESTG  GO. 

:607:,BLAKEtMPFALL,BLDG.,  PORTLAND,  OREGON 

'-•aatiiiiiiijajl:  Heililiillilui.L..i  i.li  „ili  k.ii  ii.Jj.n  .  I,  J,  II  ji. Ill .1.      iiiil.„liiiii,„ill«il,illiillil.l!!i.  iIImIiI  lll!iJ.,.i...l„ 


WHEN  WRITING  ADVERTISERS  MENTION  BETTER  FRUIT 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  5 


Stanley-Smith  Lumber  Co. 

HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 

WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL 

Lath,  Shingles,  Moulding  and  Slab  Wood 

Berry  Crates  and  Fruit  Packages  of  all  kinds 

Apple  Boxes — California  and  Oregon  sizes 


SEEDS 


THE   KIND  YOU   CAN'T   KEEP   IN   THE  GROUND 

They  grow,  and  are  true  to  name 
Write  for  prices  on  your  wants 

188  Front  Street         J-  J-  BUTZER        Portland,  Oregon 
Poultry  Supplies,  Spray,  Spray  Materials,  Fruit  Trees,  Etc. 


New  Residents 


We  are  aJways  pleased  to  extend  cour- 
teous assistance  to  new  residents  of  Hood 
River   and   the    Hood   River   Valley  by 
advising  them  regarding  any  local  conditions  within  our  knowledge,  and  we 
afford  every  convenience  for  the  transaction  of  their  financial  matters.  New 
accounts  are  respectfully  and  cordially  invited,  and  we  guarantee  satisfaction. 
Savings  department  in  connection. 

Hood  River  Banking  and  Trust  Company 

HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 


We  are  now  selling  tracts  of  5  acres  or 
more  in  our  final  and  greatest  planting  at 
Dufur,  Wasco  County,  Oregon. 

5,000  ACRES 

All  in  Apples 

Over  3,000  acres  of  it  has  gone,  mostly 
to  Eastern  people.  The  remainder  will  be 
gone  by  spring. 

We  plant  and  develop  for  five  years, 
guaranteeing  to  turn  over  to  you  a  full 
set,  perfectly  conditioned  commercial 
orchard.  At  the  expiration  of  the  five 
years  we  will  continue  the  care  of  your 
orchard  for  you,  if  desired,  for  actual 
cost,  plus  10  per  cent. 

Planting  and  care  is  under 
supervision  of  the 

Churchill-Matthews  Company 

Spalding  Building,  Portland,  Oregon 
The  largest  and  most  experienced  planters 
in  the  Pacific  Northwest 

We  will  be  glad  to  meet  personally,  or 
to  hear  by  mail  from,  anyone  considering 
the  purchase  of  an  apple  orchard  or 
apple  land.  On  account  of  the  bigness 
of  the  project,  everything  is  done  on  a 
wholesale  basis  and  prices  for  our  tracts 
are  proportionately  lower.  Reasonable 
terms.  AH  our  purchasers  are  high  class 
people.    No  others  wanted. 

Write  for  booklet,  or  call  on 

DUFUR  ORCHARD  COMPANY 

Suite  510  Spalding  Building 
Portland,  Oregon 
629  Citizens  Building,  Cleveland,  Ohio 


The 

First 
National 
Bank 

Hood  River,  Oregon 


F.  S.  Stanley,  President 
J.  W.  HiNRicHS,  Vice  President 

E.  O.  Blanchar,  Cashier 
V.  C.  Brock,  Assistant  Cashier 
C.  D.  HiNRicHS,  Assistant  Cashier 


Savings  Department 
Safe -Deposit  Boxes 


Careful  attention  given  to  business 
of  non-resident  clients 


Capital  and  Surplus  $132,000 
Total  Assets  over  $600,000 


Established  1900 


LESLIE  BUTLER,  President 
TRUMAN  BUTLER,  Vice  President 
C.  H.  VAUGHAN,  Cashier 

Butler  Banking  Company 

HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 
Capital  fully  paid      -      -      -  $100,000 

INTEREST  PAID  ON  TIME  DEPOSITS 

We  give  special  attention  to  Good  Farm  Loans 

If  you  have  money  to  loan  we  will  find  you  good  real  estate  security,  or  if 
you  want  to  borrow  we  can  place  your  application  in  good  hands,  and  we 
make  no  charge  for  this  service. 
THE  OLDEST  BANK  IN  HOOD  RIVER  VALLEY 


LADD  &  TILTON  BANK 


Established  1859 


Oldest  bank  on  the  Pacific  Coast 


PORTLAND,  OREGON 


Capital  fully  paid  -  -  - 
Surplus  and  undivided  profits 


$1,000,000 
1,000,000 


Officers 

W.  M.  Ladd,  President  R.  S.  Howard,  Jr.,  Assistant  Cashier 

Edward  Cookingham,  Vice  President  J.  W.  Ladd,  Assistant  Cashier 

W.  H.  Dunckley,  Cashier  Walter  M.  Cook,  Assistant  Cashier 

INTEREST  PAID  ON  TIME  DEPOSITS  AND  SAVINGS  ACCOUNTS 

Accounts  of  banks,  firms,  corporations  and  individuals  solicited.    Travelers'  checks  for 
sale,  and  drafts  issued  available  in  all  countries  of  Europe. 


WHEN  WRITING  ADVERTISERS  MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  6 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Nine  Kimball  Cultivators  in  operation  on  property  of  Dufnr  Orchard  Company,  Dufur,  Oregon,  owned  by  the 
Churchill-Matthews  Company,  510  Spalding  Building,  Portland,  Oregon.  This  company  is  using  at  this  time 
thirty-five  Kimball  Cultivators  on  their  Dufur,  Sheridan,  Drain  and  Cottage  Grove  properties.    This  speaks 

volumes  for  home-produced  machinery. 

The  Kimball  Cultivator 

GREAT  WEEDS  AND  FERN  EXTERMINATOR 


How  to  Use  the  Kimball  Cultivator 

to  Keep  Your  Orchard  in  Perfect  Condition 

The  first  thing  in  the  spring-,  as  soon  as  the 
ground  is  dry  enough,  it  should  be  well  plowed  or 
disced  both  ways,  or  diagonal  if  the  trees  are 
planted  in  that  manner. 

The  rest  of  the  season  nothing  is  needed  but  the 
KIMBALL,  which  should  be  run  over  the  ground 


at  least  twice  each  month  during  the 
summer,  or  as  soon  as  the  ground  is 
dry  enough  after  a  hard  rain,  or  after 
irrigation. 

This  will  break  up  the  crust  and  stop 
evaporation,  for  when  the  soil  bakes  and 
opens  in  cracks  is  the  time  of  the  great- 
est evaporation. 

More  cultivation  and  less  irrigation 
will  produce  better  fruit,  and  it  will  keep 
longer  than  where  too  much  water  is 
used. 


RETAIL  PRICE  SCHEDULE 

No.  4 — 41/2  feet,  6  blades,  weight  complete,  70  lbs  $13.50  No.  10 — 12  feet,  10  blades,  open  center,  weight  corn- 
No.  5—51/2  feet,  7  blades,  weight  complete,  85  lbs   15.00  P'^te,  140  lbs  $22.50 

No.  6-6  feet,  8  blades,  weight  complete,  100  lbs   17.50                 ll-]?  f^?*'  ""S  blades,  weight  complete,  185  lbs  30.00 

-7    -7  r    <.  o  u.  J           ■  ui.           14.     <nn  lu  docn  No.  13 — One  8/2  and  one  9  feet,  23  blades,  gang,  fully 

No.  7—7  feet,  9  blades,  weight  complete,  100  lbs   18.50                        rigged,  weight  250  lbs                            ..   47.50 

No.  8— 8I/2  feet,  11  blades,  weight  complete,  115  lbs   20.00  Extra  blades,  $1.50  each;  weight  5  lbs.  each. 

No.  9—10  feet,  13  blades,  weight  complete,  140  lbs   25.00  Extra  frames,  $1.00  per  foot;  weight  10  lbs.  per  foot. 

TERMS :    Cash  with  order,  except  to  dealers  with  established  credit.    All  quotations  f.o.b.  The  Dalles,  Oregon 

W.  A.  JOHNSTON,  Manufacturer 


Long  Distance  Phone,  Red  991 


Oice  and  Factory,  422  East  Third  Street,  The  Dalles,  Oregon 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


BETTER  FRUIT 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  MAGAZINE  PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  IN  THE  INTEREST  OF  MODERN,  PROGRESSIVE  FRUIT  GROWING  AND  MARKETING 


Common  Sense  Applied  to  the  Fruit  Industry 


THE  prosperity  and  stability  of  the 
United  States  depends  primarily 
upon  agricultm-e,  of  which  fruit 
growing  is  a  part.  Prominent  govern- 
ment officials,  railroad  officers,  presi- 
dents of  agricultural  colleges,  bankers 
and  others  have  devoted  considerable 
time  and  thought  during  the  last  few 
years  to  studying  and  investigating  the 
condition  of  the  farmer,  with  a  view 
to  bettering  his  condition,  believing 
that  by  so  doing  such  betterment  would 
contribute  to  the  general  prosperity 
of  all  of  our  people  in  every  vocation. 
Some  facts  pertaining  to  the  farmer 
have  been  obtained  and  conclusions 
drawn,  and  inasmuch  as  these  are  gen- 
eral they  are  applicable  to  the  industry 
in  which  we  are  interested,  that  of  fruit 
growing,  it  is  my  purpose  to  give  you 
in  a  few  brief  remarks  the  important 
features  as  ascertained  by  those  who 
have  devoted  much  time,  at  great  ex- 
pense, to  securing  this  valuable  data 
for  our  benefit. 

Is  the  fruitgrower  getting  his  share? 
As  what  applies  to  the  farmer  is  in  a 
general  way  applicable  to  the  fruit- 
grower, I  believe  I  can  convince  you 
that  we  are  not.  I  must  ask  you  to 
kindly  pardon  a  few  statistics,  which 
are  always  dry,  as  they  contain  valu- 
able information.  There  are  approxi- 
mately 6,500,000  farms  in  the  United 
States.  The  average  capital  invested 
in  each  one  of  these  farms  is  $6,444. 
The  average  farmer's  income  is  esti- 
mated at  $981,  and  the  average  farmer's 
expense  $326,  leaving  a  net  income  to 
the  farmer  of  $655,  which  must  com- 
pensate him  for  the  labor  of  himself 
and  family  and  interest  on  the  invest- 
ment. The  income  of  the  average  law- 
yer without  capital  is  estimated  at 
from  $800  to  $1,000  per  year.  The 
average  income  of  the  physician  is 
about  the  same  and  the  average  trades- 
man varies  perhaps  from  $3  to  $5  per 
day.  In  other  words,  the  pay  of  the 
lawyer,  doctor  and  tradesman,  in 
round  numbers,  is  from  $2.50  to  $5  per 
day,  whereas  the  farmer  receives  on  an 
average  only  two  dollars,  out  of  which 
must  be  paid  his  interest,  which  would 
only  leave  about  one  dollar  for  his 
labor,  including  also  such  labor  as 
may  be  done  by  his  family,  conse- 
quently it  must  be  clear  to  you  that 
the  farmer  is  not  being  compensated 
for  his  time  and  capital  equally  with 
other  lines  of  industry  or  work. 

I  shall  endeavor  to  show  you  the 
reason  by  quoting  some  more  figures 
which  are  very  significant,  as  furnished 
by  Mr.  Yoakum,  chairman  of  the  board 
of  directors  of  the  'Frisco  lines:  "The 
average  agricultural  crop  of  the  United 


By  E.  H.  Shepard,  Editor  of  "Better  Fruit" 

States  is  thirteen  billion  dollars. 
Through  analysis  it  has  been  ascer- 
tained that  the  farmer  receives  of  this 
$6,000,000,000,  46Mo  per  cent;  the  dis- 
tributing jobber  and  retailer,  $4,945,- 
000.000,  38Vio  per  cent;  waste  under  ex- 
isting marketing  methods,  $1,560,000,000, 
12  per  cent;  received  bv  the  railroads, 
$495,000,000,  3s/io  per  cent."  Please 
bear  in  mind  that  these  general  figures 
include  all  farm  products,  and  I  there- 
fore call  your  attention  particularly  to 
the  fact  that  they  include  wheat,  corn 


Features  of  this  Issue 


COMMON   SENSE  APPLIED   TO  THE 
FRUIT  INDUSTRY 

niPROVING  FARM  CREDITS  IN 
AMERICA 

CHOICE  VARIETIES   OF  APPLES 

THE  FRUIT  GROWER  SHOULD 
DIVERSIFY 

COMPOSITION  OF  FRUIT  SOILS 

DIVERSITY  IN  HORTICULTURE 

COVER  CROPS  AND  SHADE  CROPS 


and  grain  of  all  kinds,  in  fact  all  prod- 
ucts which  are  non-perishable,  from 
which  is  eliminated  a  large  portion  of 
the  waste  and  expense  in  handling  that 
fruit  or  vegetables  are  subject  to. 

To  show  you  how  much  greater  our 
loss  is,  I  will  give  you  a  few  specific 
cases,  showing  the  returns  in  prices,  as 
received  by  the  producer  and  the  prices 
paid  by  the  consumer  of  vegetables. 
During  the  past  season  at  Laredo, 
Texas,  a  great  onion  district,  the  pro- 
ducer received  two  cents  per  pound. 
The  next  day  at  Austin,  Texas,  only  a 
short  distance  away,  the  consumer 
paid  fifteen  cents  a  pound.  In  other 
words,  the  dealer,  railroad,  commis- 
sion man  and  the  retailer  divided 
among  them  650  per  cent  on  the  price 
paid  the  grower  and  the  grower  re- 
ceived less  than  one-seventh  of  what 
the  consumer  paid.  Tomatoes  sold  in 
Palestine,  Texas,  at  two  and  one-third 
cents  apiece,  and  the  following  day  in 
Austin  five  cents.  In  one  of  these  in- 
stances the  producer  received  13  per 
cent  of  the  final  settlement,  while  87 
per  cent  was  divided  among  the  rail- 
roads, wholesalers,  distributors  and 
retailers. 

Governor  McGovern  of  Wisconsin 
informs  us  that  while  potatoes  were 


selling  for  30  cents  per  bushel  in  Wau- 
poca  County,  Wisconsin,  they  were 
selling  in  Milwaukee  at  85  per  bushel, 
yet  the  freight  to  that  city  was  only 
six  and  one-half  cents  per  bushel.  In 
other  words,  the  dealer,  distributor  and 
retailer  received  48%  cents,  a  profit  of 
133%  per  cent.  Cabbage,  which  was 
selling  for  $83  per  ton  at  River  Falls, 
Wisconsin,  when  sold  in  Chicago 
brought  $300  per  ton,  the  freight  be- 
tween the  two  points  being  but  $3  per 
ton.  The  railroad,  the  dealer  and  the 
retailer  received  $217  per  ton,  or  250 
per  cent  profit,  while  the  producer  re- 
ceived $83  per  ton.  A  carload  of 
apples  that  was  shipped  from  Missouri 
to  Madison,  Wisconsin,  was  sold  at  50 
cents  per  bushel;  the  wholesaler  sold 
these  apples  at  75  cents  per  bushel  and 
the  retailer  at  $1.25  per  bushel.  The 
sum  which  the  retailer  and  wholesaler 
took  was  75  cents  per  bushel,  or  150  per 
cent  profit  on  the  cost  paid  the  pro- 
ducer, while  the  producer  received  but 
50  cents  per  bushel. 

It  seems  to  me  that  these  illustra- 
tions, covering  a  variety  of  farm  prod- 
ucts such  as  potatoes,  tomatoes,  cab- 
bages, onions  and  apples,  are  sufficient 
to  satisfy  anyone  that  the  same  or 
worse  condition  applies  to  all  kinds  of 
fruits  which  we  are  producing;  and 
let  me  impress  upon  you  further  that 
on  perishable  products  the  producer 
receives  a  smaller  proportion  of  the 
price  paid  by  the  consumer  than  on 
other  products  of  the  soil  which  are 
not  perishable.  Is  this  justice?  I  be- 
lieve you  will  reply  emphatically  "no." 
If  I  were  to  ask  this  question,  "Is  there 
any  country  on  the  face  of  the  globe 
where  such  condition  does  not  exist?"' 
I  believe  very  few  would  reply.  If  I 
ask,  "What  can  we  do  to  better  our 
condition?"  I  believe  every  one  of  you 
would  begin  thinking  seriously  and 
endeavor  to  frame  up  some  sort  of  an 
answer.  The  trouble  with  fruitgrow- 
ers is  that  most  of  us  do  not  realize 
existing  conditions,  which  I  have  al- 
ready indicated  in  a  very  forceful  sort 
of  way.  Secondly,  we  do  not  know 
that  the  solution  exists,  nor  on  the 
other  hand  do  we  know  what  that  solu- 
tion is.  There  is  one  country  in  par- 
ticular that  sets  a  shining  example  of 
long-continued  success  that  points  the 
way.  That  country  is  Denmark.  The 
solution  is  co-operation. 

I  am  going  to  tell  you  what  they  do 
through  co-operation,  then  you  can 
compare  their  results  in  your  minds 
with  the  figures  which  I  have  just 
given  you,  form  your  own  conclusions 
and  make  up  your  minds  to  do  some- 
thing and  do  it  quickly.    However,  I 


Page  8 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


do  not  believe  you  will  immediately 
reform  a  long  existing  method,  but  I 
believe  as  all  good  things  come  through 
a  process  of  development  and  evolu- 
tion, that  eventually  the  farmer  and 
fruitgrower  will  come  into  his  own  and 
receive  his  just  due,  a  fair  interest  on 
his  investment  and  a  just  recompense 
for  his  labor  and  those  of  his  family 
who  assist  him  in  his  work.  In  Den- 
mark, through  co-operation,  eggs  are 
sorted,  sized  and  packed  for  3%  per 
cent,  shipping  and  selling  cost  4%  per 
cent,  leaving  the  farmer  92%  per  cent 
of  the  final  purchase  price  paid  by  the 
consumer.  There  are  seventy  thou- 
sand farmers  in  the  egg  producers' 
association.  Contrast  this  with  the 
percentage  as  received  by  the  farmer 
without  co-operation  in  Texas,  which 
is  13  per  cent.  In  other  words,  the  egg 
producer  in  Denmark  receives  92%  per 
cent  of  the  price  paid  by  the  consumer 
and  the  farmer  in  Texas  receives  only 
13  per  cent.  The  significance  of  this  is 
indicated  in  the  fact  that  through  co- 
operation Denmark  is  the  richest  na- 
tion per  capita  in  the  world.  Co-opera- 
tion has  already  passed  the  stage  of 
being  a  local  problem  and  has  passed 
into  one  of  national  importance.  Some 
of  the  biggest  men  of  our  country  are 
using  their  brains  to  help  us  farmers 
and  fruitgrowers,  while  we  horney- 
handed  sons  of  toil  appai'ently  are  con- 
tent to  work  along  with  our  hands  and 
body,  neglecting  to  use  our  brains.  It 
is  certain  in  my  mind  that  God  Al- 
mighty gave  us  fruitgrowers  brains  for 
the  same  purpose  he  gave  them  to  any 
other  individual,  at  least  I  feel  this 
way  about  my  own  head.  It  was  cer- 
tainly not  put  on  for  ornament,  there- 
fore I  am  trying  to  use  what  brains  it 
contains. 

As  I  have  stated,  the  subject  is  be- 
-coming  national.  The  last  congress 
appropriated  $50,000  for  studying  mar- 
keting conditions,  certainly  a  good 
step  in  the  right  direction,  but  at  the 
same  time  the  government  spends 
$16,000,000  to  assist  us  to  produce  more 
per  acre;  and  let  me  say  emphatically 
in  this  connection  that  even  at  the 
present  time  we  are  not  getting  suffi- 
cient returns  for  what  we  do  produce 
per  acre.  In  fact  a  paradoxical  condi- 
tion exists  at  present.  The  more  we 
produce  per  acre,  or  in  other  words, 
the  greater  the  crop  in  any  one  product 
of  the  soil,  apparently  the  less  the  pro- 
ducer makes.  While  we  must  com- 
mend congress  for  appropriating  $50,000 
for  this  purpose,  let  us  all  use  our  in- 
fluence to  impress  upon  congressmen 
and  senators  from  each  and  every  state 
in  the  Union  not  only  the  importance 
but  the  necessity  of  increasing  the 
appropriation  for  the  study  of  our  mar- 
keting conditions,  in  order  that  those 
conditions  may  be  improved  so  the 
fruitgrower  will  receive  his  just  re- 
muneration on  his  investment  and  for 
his  labor. 

But  do  not  stop  here.  Texas  has  al- 
ready set  the  example  for  every  other 
state.  The  agricultural  college  has  a 
small  appropriation,  which  undoubt- 
edly will  be  rapidly  increased  for 
studying  marketing  conditions.  Em- 


ployes have  been  engaged  who  are  de- 
voting their  time  exclusively  to  this 
subject.  I  believe  we  fruitgrowers  pay 
the  same  government  and  state  taxes  as 
anyone  else,  and  therefore  I  believe 
that  we  are  justified  in  demanding  that 
the  government  look  to  the  bettering  of 
our  condition  just  the  same  as  they 
endeavor  to  better  other  conditions. 
Not  only  do  I  think  we  are  justified  in 
demanding  this  but  I  believe  that  the 
government  and  the  state  should  con- 
sider it  a  duty,  because  the  prosperity 
of  every  state  in  the  Union  and  the 
prosperity  of  the  entire  United  States 
without  question  depends  upon  the 
prosperity  and  success  of  agriculture. 
I  am  pleased  to  know  that  President 
Wilson,  in  his  inaugural  address,  re- 
ferred to  the  need  of  better  market 
facilities  and  cheaper  money  for  agri- 
culture. I  believe  we  will  have  the 
earnest  effort  of  the  secretary  of  agi'i- 
culture,  the  Hon.  David  S.  Houston, 
because  he  has  long  been  interested  in 
questions  concerning  rural  life  and  has 
had  a  splendid  training  which  fits  him 
for  a  full  comprehension  of  our  eco- 
nomic conditions. 

The  revenue  from  all  tariffs  last  year 
amounted  to  $3,026,000,000,  while  the 
actual  waste  on  farm  products,  as 
ascertained  by  Mr.  Yoakum,  is  five 
times  this  amount,  itemized  as  follows: 
Loss  on  100,000  carloads  of  fruit  and 
vegetables  by  rotting  on  the  ground, 
lack  of  shipping  and  storage  facilities 
and  the  lack  of  knowledge  of  market- 
ing amounts  to  $35,000,000.  Loss  in 
corn  stalks,  rice,  flax  and  other  grain 
straws  now  wasted  bv  being  burned 
$250,000,000.  Additional  loss  due  to  the 
lack  of  co-operation  on  the  part  of 
farmers  $1,500,000,000,  making  a  total 
of  $1,785,000,000.  The  estimated  loss 
through  lack  of  co-operation  on  the 
6,500,000  farms  is  $1,500,000,000,  or  an 
average  loss  of  $231  per  farm  on  all 
products  of  the  soil.  As  it  is  evident  by 
figures  already  given  that  the  loss  on 
perishable  products  is  several  times 
greater  it  would  undoubtedly  mean  that 
the  average  orchardist,  through  lack  of 
proper  co-operation  in  marketing,  etc., 
is  losing  somewhere  between  -$500  and 
$1,000  annually. 

The  State  of  Texas  has  set  the  ex- 
ample of  market  investigation  by  the 
state  agricultural  college.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  every  other  state  in  the 
Union  will  give  this  subject  proper  and 
serious  consideration  and  do  likewise. 
That  agricultural  colleges  can  accom- 
plish wonders  along  this  line  goes  with- 
out question.  In  the  State  of  Oregon 
we  have  one  of  the  very  best  agricul- 
tural colleges  in  the  entire  United 
States,  and  no  institution  that  I  know 
of  is  doing  better  work  than  the  agri- 
cultural college  at  Corvallis.  The  state 
agricultural  college  at  Pullman,  Wash- 
ington, is  recognized  for  the  efficient 
work  it  is  doing  for  agriculture.  Idaho 
and  Montana  are  both  doing  excellent 
work.  Some  of  the  Middle  Western 
and  Eastern  States  have  agricultural 
colleges  which  have  long  been  impor- 
tant factors  in  developing  the  farming 
industry,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned Wisconsin,  Missouri,  New  York, 


Iowa  and  Illinois,  as  probably  having 
accomplished  the  greatest  amount  of 
good  for  the  farmer. 

Standardization  of  all  farm  products 
is  a  subject  that  is  comparatively  new, 
yet  one  which  is  receiving  consider- 
able attention  and  one  which  should 
command  the  most  scientific  develop- 
ment possible.  In  my  opinion  there 
should  be  national  laws  governing  the 
weights  or  measurement  of  every  pack- 
age of  every  product  of  the  farmer  that 
is  sold  in  any  kind  of  receptacle.  Such 
laws  should  be  national  and  either  gov- 
ernment inspectors  or  experts  should 
be  employed  to  see  that  various  prod- 
ucts are  properly  packed  in  standard 
packages,  properly  graded,  and  that 
every  package  is  properly  marked. 
Perhaps  the  importance  of  this  sug- 
gestion may  not  be  significant  at  first 
thought,  but  let  me  tell  you  how  they 
handle  the  matter  in  Canada.  There 
they  have  what  is  known  as  the  "Fruit 
Marks  Act."  Every  package  of  fruit 
has  to  be  properly  graded  and  marked 
according  to  law  as  to  grade,  while 
in  the  United  States  nothing  of  the 
kind  is  done.  The  result  is  known  by 
many.  Let  me  tell  you  that  since  the 
Canadian  "Fruit  Marks  Act"  became  a 
law  the  export  of  apples  from  Canada 
to  Europe  has  steadily  increased  in  a 
far  greater  ratio  than  the  increase  in 
the  export  of  apples  from  the  United 
States.  Don't  you  think,  gentlemen, 
this  is  sufficient  to  indicate  the  neces- 
sity of  standard  packages  and  standard 
grading.  At  the  present  time  we  are 
shipping  our  fruit  indiscrimately  with- 
out any  standardizing,  and  we  are 
allowing  the  purchaser  at  the  other  end 
to  standardize  according  to  his  own 
judgment,  dictating  the  price  accord- 
ingly, without  our  voice  in  the  matter. 
It  must  be  clear  to  you  that  if  we  pack 
a  box  of  apples  which  is  one-third 
extra  fancy,  one-third  fancy  and  one- 
third  choice,  the  average  purchaser  is 
only  human  and  therefore  the  price 
that  he  dictates  would  be  the  market 
price  of  C  grade.  In  other  words,  our 
lack  of  standardization  permits  the 
purchaser  to  fix  the  price  at  a  mini- 
mum but  does  not  prevent  the  retailer 
from  exacting  the  maximum.  We  are 
to  blame  for  this  condition  and  it  is  up 
to  us  to  see  that  the  movement  is 
promptly  started  for  a  proper  stand- 
ardization of  all  products  of  the  farm 
that  they  are  put  up  in  packages. 
Every  mercantile  business,  every  fac- 
tory standardizes  its  output.  If  we  are 
to  succeed  we  certainly  should  have  the 
common  sense  to  adopt  methods  of 
business  that  have  evidenced  their 
value  by  being  proven  successful  in 
realizing  the  greatest  profit  for  the 
producer. 

The  whole  trend  of  the  time  is  un- 
questionably toward  co-operation.  In 
co-operation  there  is  success.  This  is 
not  theory,  it  is  matter  of  fact  as 
proven  by  results.  The  lines  of  busi- 
ness which  are  paying  the  best  profits 
today  are  the  big  lines  of  business,  such 
as  steel,  oil,  tobacco  and  others  too 
numerous  to  mention.  Let  me  call  your 
attention  to  the  fact  that  all  of  their 
goods  are  standardized  and  that  these 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  g 


institutions  are  working  along  the  lines 
of  co-operation,  developed  to  the  fullest 
possible  extent.  Let  me  tell  you  a  fact, 
which  you  should  already  know.  These 
big  co-operative  concerns,  call  them 
trusts  if  you  choose,  are  the  ones  which 
are  the  most  successful  and  the  ones 
which  have  paid,  and  are  paying  today, 
the  biggest  profit  on  the  investment. 
Please  do  not  misunderstand  me  and 
assume  that  I  advocate  co-operation  in 
the  nature  as  indulged  by  some  of  the 
trusts.  I  believe  co-operation  on  the 
part  of  the  farmers  and  fruitgrowers  is 
entirely  a  different  matter.  We  cannot 
co-operate  in  quite  the  same  way  as 
the  trusts  because  farmers  and  fruit- 
growers cannot  regulate  their  output. 
Herein  nature  takes  a  hand  and  is  the 
governing  factor  as  to  our  crops,  as  we 
are  subject  to  drouth,  too  much  rain, 
frost  and  various  elements  which  either 
increase  or  decrease  our  crop.  Again, 
we  cannot  co-operate  in  the  same  way 
because  we  cannot  regulate  the  output 
on  any  particular  product  of  the  soil 
for  the  reason  it  is  produced  by  thou- 
sands of  farmers  in  many  different 
sections  in  many  states  in  the  Union; 
therefore  if  any  particular  product  of 
the  soil  pays  a  particularly  good  profit 
one  year  the  following  year  it  is  human 
nature  for  the  farmer  to  plant  this 
same  product  somewhat  more  exten- 
sively, which  will  be  a  factor  in  pre- 
venting us  from  dictating  the  price. 
In  other  words,  we  cannot  regulate  the 
output  or  dictate  the  price,  conse- 
quently our  co-operation,  in  my  mind, 
could  not  be  considered  a  trust  in  the 
ordinary  definition  of  the  word.  On 
the  other  hand,  some  of  the  big  trusts 
are  in  a  position  to  regulate  the  output 
and  to  dictate  the  price.  The  benefit  to 
us  fruitgrowers  and  farmers  must  come 
from  co-operation  in  handling  our  crop 
intelligently  to  the  best  of  advantage,  in 
the  most  economical  sort  of  way,  and 
distributing  it  to  all  consuming  points 
in  proper  proportions  so  as  to  avoid 
glutting  any  particular  section  or  short- 
ening others.  If  we  are  to  receive  the 
greatest  good  from  the  kind  of  co- 
operation I  have  in  mind,  the  co- 
operation of  the  producer,  the  right 
kind  of  co-operation  with  the  middle- 
men, both  the  wholesaler  and  the  re- 
tailer, and  the  proper  co-operation  with 
the  consumer.  In  other  words,  it 
should  be  our  object  to  eliminate  all 
unnecesary  expense  and  our  effort 
should  be  an  earnest  endeavor  to  se- 
cure higher  prices  for  ourselves,  which 
means  better  profits,  while  at  the  same 
time  establishing  a  lower  price  to  the 
consumer,  thus  creating  a  greater  de- 
mand for  our  fruit,  which,  as  we  all 
know,  is  frequently  sold  at  an  exor- 
bitant retail  price  beyond  the  purchas- 
ing ability  of  a  large  part  of  the  popu- 
lation of  our  country,  which  naturally 
prevents  proper  consumption.  Again, 
please  do  not  misunderstand  me.  I  do 
not  mean  that  we  can  do  away  with 
the  middleman  or  retailer  or  railroads. 
If  we  are  to  succeed  by  co-operation 
our  co-operation  must  be  fair  and  just 
in  all  of  its  principles  and  application. 
The  railroad  is  entitled  to  a  freight 
rate  that  will  pay  a  satisfactory  return 


on  the  investment.  The  wholesaler 
and  fruit  dealer  are  entitled  to  a  profit 
that  is  reasonable  on  the  amount  in- 
vested in  his  business  and  for  his  serv- 
ices. The  retailer  is  entitled  to  the 
same.  I  believe  that  many  fruitgrow- 
ers today  are  indiscriminately  con- 
demning many  wholesale  dealers  who 
are  purchasers  of  our  Northwestern 
fruits.  We  need  the  good  ones;  we 
should  eliminate  the  bad  ones. 

We  must  devise  some  system  of 
solving  one  problem  which  is  one  of 
the  greatest  evils  in  marketing  of  fruits, 
that  is  the  exorbitant  retail  prices. 
When  the  wholesale  prices  go  up  the 
retailer  is  mighty  quick  to  advance 
accordingly;  however,  when  the  whole- 
sale price  goes  down  it  is  evident  from 
information  received  from  all  sections 
throughout  the  East  that  the  retailer 
does  not  reduce  accordingly  and  fre- 
quently does  not  reduce  at  all.  This 
evil  probably  accounts  for  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  difference  between  the  price 
received  by  men  who  grow  the  fruit 
and  the  consumer  who  buys  it.  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  if  we  can  bring 
about  proper  standardization  laws  and 
live  up  to  them,  and  bring  about  proper 
co-operation,  that  in  a  large  measure 
we  can  remedy  this  evil.  I  am  also  in- 
clined to  believe  that  with  proper  co- 
operation in  the  nature  of  fruitgrowers' 
associations  handling  sufficient  tonnage 
that  we  could  contribute  one  or  two 
cents  a  box,  thus  creating  a  fund  suffi- 
cient for  advertising  purposes;  that  we 
could  so  educate  the  public  through 
advertising  that  we  could  eventually 
regulate  the  retail  price  to  a  reason- 
able profit.  In  my  opinion  this  is  about 
the  biggest,  and  I  might  say  the  most 
difficult  job,  and  the  most  important 
one  that  is  before  us.  I  believe  that 
common  sense  with  ability  would 
eventually  evolve  a  system  of  accom- 
plishing the  desired  reforms  along  this 
line,  but  being  only  an  ordinary  hay- 
seed with  the  usual  lack  of  common 
sense,  I  prefer  to  simply  suggest  this 
matter  for  your  consideration  and  leave 
it  to  greater  minds  than  mine  for  solu- 
tion. I  do  believe  if  we  get  the  right 
kind  of  brains  working  on  this  problem 
that  it  can  be  solved. 

Inasmuch  as  this  year's  experience 
has  been  full  of  object  lessons  I  am 
going  to  call  your  attention  to  another 
matter  which  is  worthy  of  considerable 
attention — that  is  the  question  of  the 
different  kinds  of  fruit  to  grow  and  the 
different  varieties  of  fruit  to  grow  of 
each  kind.  Every  fruitgrower  and 
every  fruit-growing  district  should  give 
this  matter  serious  thought  with  a  view 
to  producing  only  the  kinds  of  fruit 
and  the  varieties  of  the  different  kinds 
which  it  can  grow  to  perfection,  at  least 
equally  if  not  better  than  other  large 
fruit-producing  sections.  We  must  be 
familiar  with  climatic  and  soil  condi- 
tions and  study  marketing  conditions  in 
order  to  arrive  at  a  correct  solution  as 
to  our  selection  of  kinds  and  varieties 
of  fruits.  Districts  that  expect  to  grow 
apples  for  the  Middle  West  and  Eastern 
and  European  shipment  would  do  well 
to  study  carefully  the  prices  obtained 
for  the  different  varieties  of  apples  dur- 


ing the  past  season.  Among  those 
which  have  brought  the  best  figures 
may  be  mentioned,  not  in  the  order  of 
prices  realized,  as  the  list  is  not  made 
up  with  reference  principally  to  those 
that  have  brought  the  best  prices,  but 
with  reference  to  varieties  which  are 
not  produced  extensively  in  the  Middle 
West  and  East.  For  certain  reasons  I 
prefer  to  name  this  list  alphabetically — 
Arkansas  Black,  Delicious,  Grimes 
Golden,  Jonathan,  Mcintosh  Red,  Rome 
Beauty,  Red  Cheek  Pippin,  Spitzenberg, 
White  Winter  Pearmain,  Winesap,  Win- 
ter Banana,  Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 
In  addition  to  this  list,  composed  prin- 
cipally of  winter  varieties,  there  are 
two  fall  varieties  which  have  gener- 
ally brought  fair  prices — King  of 
Tompkins  County  and  Gravensteins. 
However,  with  many  there  may  be 
other  factors  that  should  be  consid- 
ered in  determining  varieties  to  grow. 
We  have  not  only  a  good  local  trade 
but  a  good  Coast  trade,  and  without 
question  our  Oriental  business  will  de- 
velop in  future.  This  trade  may  be 
sufficient  to  justify  the  grower  produc- 
ing some  variety  not  included  in  this 
list  where  that  variety  is  of  good  qual- 
ity and  for  which  there  is  a  good  local 
demand.  However,  it  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  in  planting  for  this  local 
trade,  good  judgment  should  be  shown 
in  the  acreage  set  to  this  variety  so  as 
not  to  spoil  a  good  market  by  supplying 
it  with  too  great  a  quantity.  Perhaps 
one  variety  may  illustrate  what  I  mean. 
The  Spy  is  an  excellent  apple,  and  al- 
though we  cannot  figure  on  growing  it, 
paying  the  freight  and  competing  with 
New  York  and  New  England  Spys,  still 
it  may  be  profitable  to  grow  in  proper 
quantity  for  home  consumption.  The 
Snow  is  another  apple  of  high  quality 
which  commands  a  good  sale  at  a  good 
price,  and  if  grown  in  the  proper  quan- 
tity for  our  local  consumption  might 
pay  better  than  some  of  the  varieties 
that  we  will  grow  for  our  Eastern  and 
export  shipment.  The  Baldwin  is  an- 
other apple  entitled  to  consideration, 
particularly  in  the  Willamette  Valley 
for  local  trade,  as  it  is  of  excellent 
quality.  Perhaps  there  may  be  other 
varieties  that  might  be  worthy  of  con- 
sideration for  various  reasons,  which 
on  the  spur  of  the  moment  I  have  for- 
gotten to  include.  We  must  grow  apples 
in  our  country  that  we  can  grow  to  the 
greatest  state  of  perfection  which  are 
unequalled  in  the  larger  producing 
fruit  districts  of  the  Middle  West  and 
East,  for  Eastern  and  export  business. 
Every  grower  in  every  district  should 
determine  what  other  kinds  of  fruit  to 
plant,  what  varieties,  and  should  care- 
fully look  to  the  area  that  is  planted  as 
being  a  factor  worthy  of  consideration. 

Previously  I  referred  to  standardiza- 
tion, and  in  this  connection  I  desire  to 
impress  upon  fruitgrowers  the  impor- 
tance and  the  necessity  of  proper  con- 
sideration of  canneries,  evaporators, 
cider  mills,  vinegar  factories  and  by- 
product plants.  These  are  a  necessity 
to  take  care  of  the  lower  grades  of 
good  varieties  and  to  avoid  waste,  and 
care  for  the  surplus  during  the  shipping 
season  when  markets  become  glutted. 


Page  10 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


We  need  them.  In  Wayne  County, 
New  York,  practically  all  of  the  apples 
are  utilized  by  these  different  processes 
and  comparatively  few  sold  fresh.  I 
am  informed  that  more  money  is  made 
by  the  apple  growers  of  Wayne  County 
who  can,  evaporate  or  convert  into  by- 
products than  is  made  by  apple  grow- 
ers who  sell  apples  fresh.  These 
processes  can  and  should  eliminate 
all  waste.  The  C  grades  can  be  canned 
in  five-gallon  cans  for  hotels,  restau- 
rants, and  even  private  families,  for 
making  pies.  They  can  be  evaporated, 
they  can  be  converted  into  cider  or 
vinegar.  The  peelings  and  cores  can 
be  used  for  making  jellies  and  wines. 
In  Canada  the  cores  and  unmarketable 
apples  are  frequently  converted  into 
chops,  which  are  about  one-inch  cubes, 
evaporated,  packed  in  barrels  and 
shipped  to  Germany,  where  they  are 


used  largely  in  making  apple  wines  and 
in  various  other  ways. 

We  must  apply  common  sense  to  the 
fruit  industry.  I  have  already  ex- 
pressed my  views  as  to  many  common 
sense  things  that  can  be  and  should  be 
done.  To  summarize  briefly,  the  fol- 
lowing suggestions  seem  common 
sense  to  me  and  therefore  I  advocate 
them  for  your  consideration:  We 
must  grow  the  varieties  of  all  kinds  of 
fruit  for  which  there  is  a  market  and 
for  which  we  can  obtain  satisfactory 
profit.  We  must  build  canneries, 
evaporators  and  dryers  to  save  all 
waste  or  excess.  We  must  develop  the 
by-product  business.  The  government 
and  agricultural  colleges  should  be  en- 
couraged in  creating  a  department  for 
studying  market  conditions.  We  must 
advertise  our  products  in  order  that  we 


may  create  a  demand  for  them.  We 
must  economize  in  the  cost  of  produc- 
tion so  far  as  possible.  Where  ad- 
visable we  must  become  to  a  certain 
extent  diversified  farmers  in  order  that 
our  income  may  be  properly  balanced 
so  as  to  maintain  our  financial  equilib- 
rium when  the  fruit  yield  is  heavy  and 
prices  are  low,  or  when  the  crop  is 
light  and  the  price  is  high.  We  must 
get  acquainted  with  the  cow,  the  hog 
and  chickens,  and  at  least  grow  enough 
vegetables  to  eat.  We  must  eliminate 
unnecessary  expense  between  the  pro- 
ducer and  consumer.  We  must  estab- 
lish and  build  up  the  proper  selling  and 
distributing  concerns  to  handle  our 
product  in  a  scientific,  businesslike 
way.  We  must  reduce  the  exorbitant 
retail  price.  M'^e  must  standardize  our 
productions.  First,  last  and  all  the 
time,  we  must  co-operate. 


Improving  Farm  Credits  In  America 

Homer  C.  Price,  Dean  College  of  Agriculture,  Ohio  State  University,  before  National  Conference  on  JIarketing  and  Farm  Credits,  Chicago 


AMERICAN  farmers  have  never 
been  more  prosperous  than  they 
are  at  the  present  time.  Prices 
for  farm  produce  are  high,  crops  are 
good  and  farm  land  is  constantly  ad- 
vancing in  value.  Why  then  is  the 
question  of  farm  finance  occupying 
such  a  prominent  place  in  the  public 
mind?  I  believe  that  it  is  because  of 
this  prosperity  that  farmers  are  awak- 
ening to  the  fact  that  they  lack  any 
adequate  system  of  financing  their  en- 
terprises. It  is  the  prosperous  business 
that  can  use  capital  to  advantage  and  it 
is  the  prosperous  farmer  who  can 
afford  to  borrow  capital  to  invest  in 
his  business.  But  the  industry  of  agri- 
culture is  made  up  of  small,  indepen- 
dent commercial  units  and  lacks  the  ad- 
vantages of  combination  found  in  other 
industries.  Particularly  is  this  so  in 
the  matter  of  credit  and  the  individual 
finds  himself  seriously  handicapped  in 
the  matter  of  financing  his  enterprises 
as  compared  with  large  commercial  in- 
terests of  the  city.  We  have  been  en- 
tirely self  satisfied  with  our  agriculture 
in  the  past  and  have  revelled  in  exploit- 
ing virgin  soil.  We  have  had  little  time 
or  inclination  to  know  what  the  older 
coimtries  were  doing.  But  all  of  a  sud- 
den we  have  awakened  to  the  fact  that 
we  do  not  possess  all  that  is  worth 
knowing  in  agriculture  and  that  in  agri- 
cultural credit,  co-operation,  distribu- 
tion and  farm  organization  we  are  woe- 
fully behind  some  of  our  European 
neighbors. 

Foremost  among  the  nations  in 
financing  their  agriculture  stands  Ger- 
many. For  nearly  a  century  and  a  half 
they  have  successfully  conducted  their 
Landschaften  or  land  mortgage  associ- 
ation, the  oldest  and  I  believe  the  most 
satisfactory  institution  that  has  been 
developed  to  furnish  real  credit  (that 
is,  credit  on  real  estate)  to  farm  own- 
ers. The  great  advantage  of  the 
Landschaften  is  the  fact  that  it  serves 
as  the  medium  by  which  farm  mort- 
gages are  converted  into  negotiable  se- 
curities by  means  of  mortgage  bonds. 


We  recognize  that  there  is  no  better 
security  than  arable  farm  land  and  no 
form  of  property  less  liable  to  be  de- 
stroyed by  act  of  man  or  God.  But 
because  of  the  difficulty  of  transferring 
title  in  real  estate,  the  delay  occasioned 
by  the  legal  procedure  of  foreclosure 
and  the  tedious  process  of  examining 
the  title  to  ownership  land  is  not  the 
most  desirable  security  for  credit  and 
for  many  kinds  of  investment  is  not 
accepted.  Through  their  land  mortgage 
associations  the  German  farmers  are 
carrying  at  the  present  time  one  billion 
dollars  in  farm  loans  on  which  they  are 
paying  on  the  average  four  per  cent 
interest.  By  means  of  their  mortgage 
bonds  (Pfandbriefen)  their  farm  mort- 
gage securities  are  made  as  negotiable 
as  government  bonds  and  are  "gilt- 
edged"  securities,  accepted  in  all 
circles.  There  is  no  foreign  system  of 
agricultural  credit  that  we  can  hope  to 
transplant  bodily  to  this  country  any 
more  than  we  can  hope  to  transplant 
any  other  foreign  institution.  Our  cus- 
toms, laws,  traditions  and  conditions 
are  different  and  all  that  we  can  hope 
to  do  is  to  take  principles  and  adapt 
them  to  our  conditions  so  that  we  may 
accomplish  the  same  results.  If  we  will 
profit  from  the  experience  of  other 
countries  and  take  the  best  out  of  their 
systems  we  should  be  able  to  develop 
a  system  of  rural  credit  in  America 
better  than  anything  that  now  exists. 

Confining  my  remarks  to  real  credit 
(that  is,  loans  secured  by  farm  lands), 
the  things  that  we  need  to  accomplish 
by  means  of  a  rural  credit  system,  as  I 
see  it,  are:  (1)  To  convert  farm  mort- 
gages into  securities  that  are  readily 
negotiable;  (2)  to  provide  long-time 
loans  that  are  repaid  on  the  amortiza- 
tion plan  and  which  cannot  be  called  in 
except  for  cause;  (3)  to  convert  the 
farm  mortgages  into  standard  securities 
that  will  be  accepted  for  all  classes  of 
investments;  (4)  to  secure  a  rate  of  in- 
terest commensurate  with  the  security 
given;  (5)  to  provide  that  loans  may  be 
made  and  repaid  with  a  minimum  ex- 


pense and  loss  of  time  on  the  part  of 
the  farmers.  How  is  this  to  be  done? 
That  is  the  question  that  we  have  to 
solve.  AA'e  have  heard  repeatedly  what 
has  been  done  in  other  countries,  but 
what  the  man  on  the  land  in  this  coun- 
try wants  to  know  is  what  can  be  done 
in  the  United  States  to  accomplish  the 
same  results  as  have  been  accomplished 
in  other  countries.  There  are  three 
ways  that  land  mortgage  associations 
in  this  country  might  be  organized  and 
operated  to  accomplish  the  same  results 
as  the  Germans'  Landschaften  societies, 
that  is,  to  make  loans  and  issue  mort- 
gage bonds  in  exchange  for  the  mort- 
gages accepted  on  farm  land.  First,  to 
form  a  co-operative  association  of  land 
owners  who  desired  to  borrow  capital 
on  their  farms  just  as  the  German 
Landschaften  societies  are  organized. 
Although  from  a  theoretical  standpoint 
this  is  the  ideal  organization  and  for 
nearly  a  century  and  a  half  has  been 
in  successful  operation  in  Germany,  yet 
for  American  conditions,  unused  as  our 
farmers  are  to  co-operative  organiza- 
tion, to  hope  to  bring  about  the  suc- 
cessful organization  of  a  land  mortgage 
association  through  co-operation  I  be- 
lieve is  entirely  visionary. 

The  second  method  is  to  leave  the 
organization  of  such  institution  to 
private  initiative,  as  our  building  and 
loan  associations  in  the  cities  have  been 
developed  or  the  land  mortgage  banks 
of  Germany  are  operated,  which  are 
associations  doing  business  similar  to 
the  Landschaften  societies,  but  are 
stock  companies  instead  of  co-operative 
companies.  There  are  several  draw- 
backs to  leaving  the  organization  of 
such  institution  to  private  initiative.  In 
the  first  place  there  is  not  enough  of 
prospective  profit  to  induce  private  in- 
terests to  undertake  to  develop  any- 
think  like  a  general  system.  In  some 
localities  there  would  be  successful 
private  organization  just  as  we  now 
have,  but  there  is  no  reason  to  believe 
that  such  organization  would  become 
anything  like  general.    In  the  second 


19 1 3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  Ti 


place  an  association  organized  by 
private  interests  will  be  operated  in  the 
interests  of  those  of  those  who  loan 
money  rather  than  those  who  borrow, 
and  farmers  cannot  expect  to  get  any 
great  relief  through  such  organizations. 
There  is  still  another  drawback  to 
privately  organized  land  mortgage  asso- 
ciations, the  success  of  such  institutions 
as  a  means  of  extending  credit  depends 
upon  the  confidence  the  investing  pub- 
lic has  in  the  bonds  that  they  issue.  It 
is  reasonable  to  expect  that  in  the  be- 
ginning investors  and  borrowers  would 
hesitate  to  do  business  with  such  insti- 
tutions and  any  system  that  is  left  to 
develop  by  means  of  such  organizations 
would  make  little  progress. 

The  third  way  that  land  mortgage 
associations  might  be  organized  and  ac- 
complish everything  that  has  been 
accomplished  by  the  German  Land- 
schaften  societies,  and  to  my  mind  the 
only  feasible  plan  for  American  condi- 
tions, is  for  the  respective  states  to 
organize  and  operate  land  mortgage 
associations.  Such  a  plan  would  in- 
volve the  establishing  of  a  state  land 
mortgage  bank  as  a  state  institution  for 
the  purpose  of  furnishing  an  adequate 
system  of  credit  for  farm  owners  in  the 
state  through  the  sale  of  bonds  secured 
by  mortgages  on  farm  real  estate.  The 
bank  itself  would  not  have  the  funds 
with  which  to  make  the  loans.  But  in 
exchange  for  accepted  mortgages  would 
issue  bonds  of  equal  amount  in  denomi- 
nations of  $25,  $50,  $100,  $250,  $500  and 
$1,000  and  bearing  interest  at  3,  31/2,  4 
and  4%  per  cent.  The  denomination  of 
the  bonds  and  the  rate  of  interest  they 
bore  to  be  optional  with  the  borrower. 
The  borrower  could  either  take  these 
bonds  and  sell  them  himself  or  have 
them  sold  through  his  local  bank,  or 
have  the  state  bank  sell  them  for  him. 
The  farmer  borrowing  in  this  way 
would  pay  on  his  loan  the  same  rate  of 
interest  as  the  bonds  issued  in  ex- 
change for  his  mortgage  bear  plus  one- 
half  per  cent  to  pay  the  operating  ex- 
penses of  the  state  bank  and  to  build 
lip  a  reserve  fund.  The  German  Land- 
schaften  allow  only  one-quarter  per 
cent  for  this  purpose,  but  we  will  put  it 
at  one-half  per  cent  to  be  conservative. 
In  addition  to  this  would  be  added  the 
per  cent  or  fraction  of  a  per  cent  that 
is  to  apply  to  the  amortization  of  the 
principle.  For  example,  a  farmer 
makes  application  for  a  loan  of  $1,000. 
His  application  is  granted  and  he  is 
given  in  exchange  for  his  mortgage  ten 
$100  bonds  bearing  four  per  cent  in- 
terest; these  are  sold  at  par,  so  that  he 
realizes  $1,000  in  money.  He  pays  four 
per  cent  and  one-half  per  cent  to  pay 
operating  expenses  of  the  bank,  and  he 
wants  to  pay  enough  additional  with 
his  interest  to  pay  off  his  loan  in 
twenty-five  years,  in  which  case  it 
would  be  necessary  for  him  to  pay 
$33.52  semi-annually,  or  the  equivalent 
of  6.7  per  cent  semi-annually. 

A  land  mortgage  association  organ- 
ized as  a  state  institution  would  at  once 
give  its  bonds  the  standing  of  state  or 
municipal  bonds  and  they  would  com- 
mand as  favorable  rates  of  interest. 
'They  would  also  command  the  confi- 


dence of  investors,  as  the  bonds  of  pri- 
vately or  co-operatively  organized  asso- 
ciations could  not  possibly  do.  The  ob- 
jection may  be  raised  that  such  a  plan 
means  that  the  state  is  going  into  the 
banking  business.  But  such  institu- 
tions would  not  carry  on  a  commercial 
banking  business;  they  would  simply 
be  the  intermediary  between  borrowers 
and  lenders.  They  would  be  entirely 
self-supporting  and  would  simply  mean 
that  the  state  had  taken  over  a  funda- 
mental public  utility,  namely,  convert- 
ing farm  real  estate  securities  into  a 
more  stable,  uniform,  secure  and  nego- 
tiable form  that  would  be  of  mutual  ad- 
vantage to  both  investor  and  borrower. 
It  would  be  a  matter  of  prime  impor- 
tance to  the  public  welfare  because  it 
would  provide  a  means  of  developing 
our  agriculture  and  increasing  our  agri- 
cultural production  far  beyond  what  is 
possible  under  our  present  conditions. 
A  single  state  land  mortgage  associa- 
tion located  in  the  capital  of  a  state 
would  be  too  far  removed  from  the 
farmers  which  it  is  supposed  to  serve. 
To  meet  this  difficulty  a  branch  associ- 
ation of  the  state  association  should  be 
established  in  every  county  seat.  The 
county  is  the  natural  unit  of  such  an 
oi'ganization.  Land  titles  are  registered 
and  taxes  are  paid  at  the  county  seat, 
and  it  is  not  so  far  removed  from  the 
farmer  but  what  he  could  go  in  person 
and  arrange  for  his  loan.  The  loans 
would  be  granted,  the  titles  examined 
and  the  mortgages  accepted  by  the 
county  branch  office,  but  the  issuing  of 
bonds  should  be  limited  to  the  state 
organization.  Such  an  organization 
would  give  the  advantages  of  centraliza- 
tion and  would  standardize  the  bonds 
issued  within  a  state;  at  the  same  time 
it  would  give  the  advantage  of  decen- 
tralization in  carrying  on  the  business 
and  taking  it  close  to  the  individual 
farmer. 

The  question  of  possible  loss  on  the 
part  of  the  state  on  account  of  bad 
loans  naturally  arises.  In  the  German 
Landschaften  there  have  been  practi- 
cally no  losses  since  they  have  been 
organized.  The  risk  of  losses  would 
always  depend  upon  the  care  with 
which  loans  are  made  and  the  propor- 
tion of  the  value  of  the  property  loaned. 
In  most  of  the  German  associations  the 
maximum  amount  loaned  is  two-thirds 
the  assessed  value  of  the  land  for  taxa- 
tion purposes,  but  when  they  were  first 
organized  the  loans  were  usually  lim- 
ited to  one-half  the  value.  In  estab- 
lishing such  a  system  as  I  have  out- 
lined it  would  be  necessary  for  the 
state  to  appropriate  sufficient  funds  to 
establish  the  system  and  to  provide  a 
reserve  fund  to  guarantee  bonds  in 
addition  to  the  mortgages  held  by  the 
association.  This  initial  appropriation 
to  be  paid  back  from  the  earnings  of 
the  association  within  a  reasonable 
length  of  time.  The  question  of  the 
taxation  of  the  bonds,  the  foreclosure 
proceedings,  the  transfer  and  registra- 
tion of  land  titles  are  all  questions  inti- 
mately connected  with  a  land  credit 
system  and  questions  that  should  be 
considered  in  connection  with  any 
rural  credit  system.   If  a  state  were  to 


undertake  the  establishment  and  opera- 
tion of  a  land  mortgage  association  as 
I  have  suggested,  I  believe  it  would  be 
important  to  its  success  to  adopt  the 
plan  of  registration  of  land  titles  known 
as  the  Torrens  system.  Several  of  our 
states  have  already  adopted  this  sys- 
tem and  others  have  legislation  under 
consideration  providing  for  its  adop- 
tion. The  advantages  of  the  system  are 
that  it  establishes  beyond  a  question 
the  validity  of  the  title  because  after  a 
title  has  once  been  oflicially  registered 
the  government  guarantees  it.  It  also 
very  greatly  lessens  the  expense  of  land 
transfer  and  shortens  the  time  required. 
If  a  state  system  of  land  credit  were 
established  and  it  was  made  as  one  of 
the  requirements  that  the  title  to  farm 
land  must  be  registered  before  it  would 
be  considered  as  security  for  a  loan,  the 
possibility  of  questionable  titles  would 
be  at  once  eliminated  and  the  proba- 
bility of  loss  from  bad  loans  very 
greatly  reduced.  The  plan  proposed 
makes  no  provision  to  furnish  credit  to 
the  "landless  man,"  which  I  recognize 
as  one  of  our  most  urgent  needs  as 
well  as  one  of  the  most  difficult  to 
meet.  But  let  us  do  one  thing  at  a 
time  and  provide  a  plan  for  extending 
the  credit  of  the  man  who  has  land 
and  can  offer  a  tangible  security.  The 
question  of  personal  credit  will  have 
to  be  worked  out  on  some  other  basis, 
and  we  can  better  judge  how  to  pro- 
vide it  after  we  have  solved  the  prob- 
lem of  real  credit. 


Long-Distance  Telephone  Rates 
Mr.  C.  A.  Kerr,  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  telephone  and  telegraph 
rates,  in  the  last  issue  of  the  Spy,  a  pub- 
lication devoted  to  the  interests  of  the 
International  Apple  Shippers'  Associa- 
tion, has  rendered  a  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  committee  to  date  in  an 
endeavor  to  secure  a  decrease  on  the 
rates  charged  for  long-distance  tele- 
phones. Fruitgrowers'  associations  and 
the  fruitgrower  are  very  extensive 
users  of  long-distance  telephones,  and 
perhaps  the  fruit  business  in  propor- 
tion to  its  volume  uses  the  long-distance 
telephones  and  the  telegraph  more  than 
any  other  one  line  of  business.  On 
account  of  the  wholesale  way  in  which 
this  service  is  used  the  International 
Apple  Shippers'  Association  feels  that 
some  concession  should  be  granted 
by  telephone  and  telegraph  companies 
in  the  way  of  lower  rate.  Through  the 
great  work  done  by  Mr.  Wm.  M. 
Roylance  of  Provo,  Utah,  the  State  of 
Utah  is  already  granted  a  reduction  in 
rates  of  about  twenty  per  cent.  The 
significance  of  the  immense  saving  this 
will  be  to  the  fruit  companies  is  evi- 
denced from  a  statement  in  a  letter 
from  Mr.  Roylance,  in  which  he  states 
that  it  will  amount  to  $10  to  $25 
per  month  for  their  firm,  and  when 
you  take  into  consideration  the  im- 
mense number  of  fruit  dealers  all  over 
the  country,  you  can  readily  realize 
that  this  reduction  will  run  up  into  the 
hundreds  and  thousands  of  dollars  per 
year. 


Page  12  BETTER  FRUIT  My 

The  Composition  of  Fruit  Soils  in  the  State  of  Washington 

By  R.  W.  Thatcher,  Director  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Pullman,  Washington 


THE  percentage  of  essential  ele- 
ments of  plant  food  in  the  typical 
soil  of  each  of  the  more  prominent 
fruit  districts  of  the  State  of  "Washing- 
ton is  shown  in  table  I.  These  figures 
were  obtained  by  averaging  the  results 
of  all  the  analyses  of  soil  samples  from 
each  of  these  districts  which  were  col- 
lected during  the  progress  of  the  soil 
survey  of  the  state,  which  was  con- 
ducted by  the  Division  of  Chemistry  of 
the  State  Experiment  Station  during  the 
years  of  1893  to  1907  inclusive.  These 
figures  show  the  total  supply  of  these 
plant-food  elements  in  the  soil,  deter- 
mined by  the  official  methods  of  soil 
analysis.  There  is,  of  course,  no  means 
of  determining  from  these  figures  just 
what  amounts  of  plant  food  will  be 
available  during  any  one  growing  sea- 
son, i.  e.,  what  its  "fertility"  or  pro- 
ductive capacity,  so  far  as  plant  food 
is  concerned,  for  that  particular  season 
or  crop  will  be.  However,  the  stand- 
ards shown  in  table  II  are  often  used 
as  a  basis  for  classifying  soils  with 
reference  to  their  relative  "richness" 
in  plant-food  supplies.  These  facts  are 
all  presented  in  terms  of  percentage  of 
the  "fine  earth"  of  the  soil,  i.  e.,  the  por- 
tion of  the  soil  which  is  fine  enough  to 
serve  as  a  source  of  plant-food  supply. 
If  it  is  desired  to  know  these  same  facts 
in  terms  of  pounds  per  acre  of  these 
elements,  it  is  easy  to  compute  this 
from  the  weight  of  soil  per  acre.  For 
average  soils  this  is  about  4,000,000 
pounds  per  acre  foot,  i.  e.,  an  acre  of 
average  soil  one  foot  deep  weighs  ap- 
proximately 4,000,000.  A  soil  carrying 
0.471  per  cent  of  potash  would  there- 
fore have  4,000,000  X  .00471  =  18,840 
pounds  of  potash  in  each  foot  in  depth. 
Computations  of  plant-food  supplies 
are  usually  made  to  include  only  the 
top  foot  of  soil,  as  by  far  the  greater 
proportion  of  the  crop's  food  is  drawn 
from  this  part  of  the  soil,  chiefly  from 
the  tilled  portion. 

In  order  that  any  soil  shall  produce 
the  maximum  crop  which  the  moisture 
supply  and  weather  conditions  will 
permit,  enough  of  the  plant  food  of  the 
soil  must  become  available  during  the 
growing  season  of  the  crop  to  build 
up  this  maximum  crop  growth.  The 
process  by  which  unavailable  plant 
food,  in  the  form  of  mineral  particles 
and  partially  decayed  vegetable  matter 
in  the  soil,  becomes  available  to  plants 
is  essentially  one  of  decay.  Humus,  or 
actively  decaying  vegetable  matter,  is 
the  chief  agent  in  making  plant  food 
soluble  or  available.  The  problem  of 
productivity,  from  the  standpoint  of 
food  supply,  is  therefore  that  of  keep- 
ing the  processes  of  humus  decay  going 
on  rapidly  enough  to  make  sufficient 
plant  food  available  for  the  needs  of 
the  growing  crop.  In  soils  containing 
low  percentages  of  humus,  this  means 
the  plowing  under  of  vegetable  mate- 
rials, such  as  manure  or  cover  crops, 
followed  by  suitable  tillage  to  encour- 
age the  processes  of  decay.    In  soils 


well  supplied  with  vegetable  or  organic 
matter,  proper  tillage  alone  is  sufficient 
to  maintain  these  favorable  conditions. 

The  amounts  of  the  different  plant- 
food  elements  which  are  found,  by 
analysis,  in  the  mature  crop  are  gen- 
erally considered  a  measure  of  the 
quantity  of  these  materials  which  the 
crop  took  from  the  soil.  If  there  are 
no  losses  due  to  other  sources  than  the 
growing  of  the  crop,  these  amounts 
then  represent  the  yearly  drain  upon 
the  total  food  supply  of  the  soil.  Table 
III  shows  the  amounts  of  the  critical 
elements  of  fertility  which  are  found 
in  the  indicated  yield  of  each  of  some 
of  the  common  fruit  and  garden  crops. 
The  figures  given  are,  in  each  case,  for 
the  yield  of  edible  material  and  do  not 
include  the  plant  food  used  by  the  non- 
edible  leaves,  stalks,  etc.,  it  being 
assumed  that  these  will  be  returned  to 
the  soil  each  year.  The  plant  food 
used  in  making  the  wood  growth  of 
fruit  trees  is,  of  course,  not  accounted 
for  in  these  calculations. 

Reference  has  been  made  above  to 
the  value  of  a  sulficient  supply  of  vege- 
table matter  in  the  soil  in  order  that  its 
active  decay  may  insure  an  ample  sup- 
ply of  available  plant  food.  Humus 
performs  many  other  important  bene- 
ficial functions  in  the  soil.  It  affects 
very  beneficially  the  physical  proper- 


ties of  the  soil — increasing  the  ease 
of  tilth,  moisture-holding  capacity, 
capacity  to  absorb  heat,  etc.,  and  de- 
creasing the  tendency  to  "puddle" 
when  wet  and  "bake"  when  dry.  Any 
farm  crop  which  is  grown  for  the  sole 
purpose  of  plowing  it  under  to  increase 
the  supply  of  organic  matter  in  the 
soil  is  known  as  a  "green  manure." 
Green  manures  affect  the  soil  bene- 
ficially in  many  ways.  Some  of  the 
possible  benefits  are:  (1)  The  addi- 
tion of  vegetable  matter  or  "humus," 
with  its  attendant  beneficial  effect  upon 
the  physical  and  chemical  properties 
of  the  soil.  (2)  Increasing  the  nitro- 
gen content  of  the  soil  by  fixation  of 
nitrogen  of  the  aii',  when  leguminous 
crops  are  used  as  the  green  manure. 
(3)  Using  surplus  available  plant  food, 
which  might  otherwise  be  lost.  (4) 
plant  food  from  lower  depths  may  be 
brought  nearer  to  the  surface  and  made 
available  for  subsequent  crops.  The 
kind  of  crop  which  may  best  be  used 
as  a  green  manure  depends  upon  which 
one  or  more  of  these  beneficial  effects 
is  most  desired.  If  the  addition  of 
humus,  or  an  increased  supply  of  de- 
caying vegetation,  is  the  only  necessity 
then  any  rank-growing  farm  crop  may 
be  used.  The  more  succulent  or  juicy 
plants  are  best,  as  they  decay  much 
more  quickly  and  are  more  easily  in- 


Soil  from 


Type 


Whitman  County  .  . 
Spokane  Valley.... 
Yakima  Valley  .... 
Okanogan  Flats.  . .  . 
Walla  Walla  Valley 
Wenatchee  Valley.. 


TABLE  I— COMPOSITION  OF  SOIL  FROM  TYPICAL  FRUIT  DISTRICTS 
(Figured  in  percentages) 

Phosphorus  Nitro-  Total 

Lime  pentoxide     gen  Humus  organic 

(CaO)     (P2O5)  matter 

0.514      0.361       0.175  2.486  8.733 

0.600       0.190       0.039  1.410  6.060 

1.154       0.029       0.032  0.150  1.560 

0.668       0.145       0.062  1.650  4.464 

1.098       0.142       0.275  4.245  10.741 

0.714       0.225       0.061  1.942  2.969 


Potash 
(K2O) 

.Basaltic  silt  loam   0.471 

.Spokane  gravelly  loam..  0.385 

.Yakima  sandy  loam   0.455 

.Brewster  silt  loam   0.294 

.Walla  Walla  sandy  loam  0.413 
.Wenatchee  sandy  loam.  .  0.518 


TABLE  II— PRACTICAL  RATINGS  OF  SOILS  BY  PLANT-FOOD  PERCENTAGES 


According  to  Professor  Kaeker,  Halle  Sta.,  Germany 


Grade  of  Soil  Potash 

Poor   Below  .05 

Medium   05— .15 

Normal   15 — .25 

Good   25 — .40 

Rich   Above  .40 


Phosphoric 

acid 
Below  .05 
.05— .10 
.10— .15 
.15— .25 


Lime 
Clay  soil 
Below  .10 
.10— .25 
.25— .50 
.50-1.00 


Above  .25      Above  1.00 


Lime 
Sandy  soil 
Below  .05 
.05— .10 
.10— .20 
.20— .30 
Above . 30 


Total 
Nitrogen 
Below  .05 
.05— .10 
.10— .15 
.15— .25 
Above.  25 


TABLE  III— PLANT-FOOD  REQUIREMENTS  OF  DIFFERENT  FRUIT  AND  VEGETABLE  CROPS 


Number  of 

Phosphoric 

Potash 

Lime 

trees 

Nitrogen 

acid  (P2O5) 

(K2O) 

(CaO) 

per  acre 

(Pounds) 

(Pounds) 

(Pounds) 

(Pounds) 

35 

52 

14 

55 

57 

120 

75 

18 

72 

114 

120 

30 

7 

33 

38 

120 

30 

9 

38 

41 

Yield  per  acre 

10  tons 

60 

20 

80 

300  bu. 

39 

15 

38 

5  tons 

22 

8 

40 

250  bu. 

30 

11 

53 

10  tons 

34 

12 

60 

Variety  of  Fruit 

Apple   

Peach   ■  

Pear   

Plum   

Kind  of  Vegetable 

Cabbage   

Onions   

Canteloupes   

Tomatoes   

Watermelons   

TABLE  IV— NITROGEN  CONTENT  OF  DIFFERENT  LEGUMES 

Per  cent  of  Nitrogen  in  Dry  Matter 

Crop                                                                        Tops  Roots  Nodules  Whole  Plant 

Tangier  pea                                                                  3.63  2.47  4.00  3.50 

Field  pea                                                                       2.68  2.38  2.84  2.62 

Spring  vetch                                                                  2.61  2.54  5.09  2.58 

Hairy  vetch                                                                  2.96  2.45  5.07  2.80 

Alfalfa                                                                          1.72  1.27  6.92  1.50 

Red  clovei-                                                                    2.30  1.91  5.97  2.18 

White  clover                                                                 1.87  1.73  5.86  1.82 

TABLE  V— GAIN  IN  NITROGEN  BY  PLOWING  CROPS  UNDER 

Probable 

Nitrogen  yield      Nitrogen  gain  Market  value 

per  ton  per  acre  per  acre  of  gain  in 

Crop                                                               (Pounds)  (Tons)  (Pounds)  nitrogen 

Red  clover                                                                 43  3  129  $25.80 

Alfalfa                                                                       30  3  90  18.00 

Field  peas                                                                 .52  4  208  40.16 

Tangier  peas                                                             70  3  210  42.00 

Hairy  vetch                                                              56  4  224  44.80 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Pag0  13^ 


corporated  in  the  soil.  If,  however, 
the  supply  of  nitrogen  in  the  soil  is 
small  and  its  increase  is  either  the 
chief  necessity  or  a  desirable  addition 
to  the  increased  humus  content,  then 
some  leguminous  crop  must  be  used, 
as  no  other  farm  crop  has  the  power 
of  utilizing  atmospheric  nitrogen  or  of 
returning  to  the  soil  any  essential  ele- 
ment of  fertility  which  it  did  not  draw 
from  it.  If  it  is  desired  to  bring  up 
from  below  some  of  the  mineral  plant 
food  which  is  present  in  deeper  layers 
of  soil,  then  a  deep-rooting  crop  should 
be  used. 

The  legumes,  or  leguminous  crops, 
are  a  group  of  plants  which  are  charac- 
terized by  growing  their  seed  in  pods 
and  by  having  peculiar  knots  or 
nodules  on  their  roots.  These  nodules 
are  formed  by  the  action  of  a  certain 
group  of  bacteria,  immense  numbers  of 
which  are  found  in  each  nodule,  which 
have  the  peculiar  property  of  being 
able  to  use  the  gaseous  nitrogen  of  the 
air  for  their  own  growth  and  supply- 
ing this  element  as  they  die  and  decay 
to  the  host  plant  on  whose  roots  they 
are  located.  Included  in  this  group  are 
alfalfa,  all  the  clovers,  vetches,  peas, 
beans,  etc.  No  other  group  of  plants 
or  animals,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  is 
thus  able  to  make  use  of  atmospheric 
nitrogen.  Legumes  may  grow  in  soils 
which  are  rich  in  available  nitrogen 
without  the  presence  of  the  nodule- 
producing  bacteria,  deriving  their 
nitrogen  supply  directly  from  the  soil 
as  do  other  crops,  but  have  the  dis- 
tinctive power  of  being  able  to  flourish 
in  soils  poor  in  nitrogen  if  the  proper 
bacteria  are  present  to  grow  upon  their 
roots  and  supply  them  with  nitrogen 
from  the  air,  and  when  so  grown  to 
increase  the  supply  of  soil  nitrogen 
when  plowed  under  as  green  manures. 
The  amount  of  actual  gain  in  nitrogen 
to  the  soil  from  the  growing  of  legu- 
minous cover  crops  depends  upon  sev- 
eral factors,  such  as  (1)  the  kind  of 
crop  used;  (2)  the  amount  of  nitrogen 
already  present  in  the  soil,  as  this 
affects  the  proportion  of  nitrogen 
which  the  crop  will  take  from  the  air, 
and  (3)  the  proportion  of  the  crop 
which  is  returned  to  the  soil. 

To  determine  the  nitrogen  content  of 
different  legumes  analyses  have  been 
made  by  the  writer  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  State  Experiment  Station  of  the 
different  parts  of  various  leguminous 
crops,  the  samples  being  taken  from 
adjacent  plots  where  each  legume  was 
given  equal  conditions  of  soil,  moisture 
supply,  etc.,  for  its  growth.  The  re- 
sults of  some  of  these  analyses  are 
shown  in  table  IV.  As  has  been  pointed 
out,  the  proportion  of  this  nitrogen 
which  the  crop  will  gather  from  the 
air,  through  its  bacteria,  depends  upon 
the  supply  of  available  nitrogen  present 
in  the  soil.  On  average  soils,  with  a 
generous  supply  of  nodules  developing 
on  their  root  systems,  it  is  estimated 
that  about  one-fifth  the  total  nitrogen 
content  of  the  crop  comes  from  the  soil 
and  the  other  four-fifths  from  the  at- 
mosphere. If  the  tops,  or  foliage 
growth,  of  the  crop  is  cut  off"  and  re- 
moved from  the  land,  the  gain  in  nitro- 


gen to  the  soil  is  slight,  if  any.  It  is 
generally  estimated  that  for  most  com- 
mon forage  crops,  the  dry  matter  in  the 
root  system  constitutes  about  one-fifth 
and  the  above-ground  portion  four- 
fifths  of  the  total  growth.  By  compar- 
ing this  statement  with  that  in  the 
preceding  paragraph  it  will  be  seen 
that,  under  ordinary  conditions,  the 
amount  of  nitrogen  returned  to  the  soil 
by  the  decay  of  the  roots  only  of  the 
crop  would  be  just  equal  to  the  pro- 
portion of  the  crop's  total  supply 
which  originally  came  from  the  soil. 
If,  however,  the  tops,  as  pasturage, 
soiling  crop,  or  hay,  are  fed  to  live- 
stock and  the  manure  therefrom  re- 
turned to  the  land  to  be  plowed  under 
nearly  ninety  per  cent  of  the  total 
nitrogen  of  the  crop  will  be  returned 
to  the  soil.  If  the  entire  crop  is  plowed 
under,  all  of  the  nitrogen  which  it  con- 
tains is  restored  to  the  soil,  and  as  the 
crop  decays  becomes  available  to  suc- 
ceeding crops. 

The  gain  of  nitrogen  per  acre  to  the 
soil  if  any  one  of  these  crops  be 
plowed  under  as  a  green  manure  may 
be  calculated  by  multiplying  the  per- 
centage of  nitrogen  in  the  whole  plant 
by  the  weight  of  dry  matter  produced 
on  an  acre.  This  weight  of  growth 
will,  of  course,  vary  extremely  in  dif- 


THE  purpose  of  the  soil  mulch  is  to 
break,  as  completely  as  possible,  the 
capillary  connection  by  means  of 
which  the  soil  moisture  moves  upward 
and  to  protect  the  moist  soil  below 
from  the  rapid  evaporating  effect  of 
moving  air.  No  mulch  can  accomplish 
these  results  perfectly  and  prevent  all 
loss  by  evaporation.  Since  the  mulch, 
being  dry  soil  in  which  plant  roots 
cannot  grow,  is  just  that  much  lost  soil 
so  far  as  furnishing  plant  food  is  con- 
cerned, it  ought  not  to  be  any  deeper 
than  is  necessary  to  conserve  the 
largest  possible  proportion  of  soil 
moisture.  This  depth  will  vary  with 
the  different  types  of  soil.  Professor 
Thom,  soil  physicist  of  the  Washington 
State  Experiment  Station,  working 
with  the  ordinary  "volcanic  ash"  soil 
of  the  Palouse  regions,  found  the  fol- 
lowing effect  of  mulches  of  different 
depths  upon  the  loss  of  soil  moisture 
from  the  soil  during  the  month  of 
August,  1912: 

EFFECT  OF  DEPTH  OF  MULCH  UPON 
EVAPORATION  OF  SOIL  MOISTURE 

Moisture  loss, 
calculated  as 

Depth  of  Mulch  acre-inches 
No  mulch   1.66 

1  inch   1.42 

2  inches   1.15 

3  inches   1.02 

4  inches   1.01 

5  inches   98 

These  results  show  that  while 
mulches  deeper  than  three  inches  save 
slightly  more  moisture,  the  saving  is 
too  little  to  compensate  for  the  addi- 
tional loss  of  plant-food  supply.  Sim- 
ilar results  have  been  reported  from 
measurements  made  by  the  United 
States  investigations  on  irrigated  lands 
in  California,  where  it  was  found  that 


ferent  seasons,  on  different  soils,  and 
with  different  cutivation.  Table  V 
shows  examples  of  possible  gains, 
which  may  be  made,  computed  from 
the  yields  per  acre  as  given.  The 
present  market  value  of  nitrogen  in 
commercial  fertilizers  as  sold  in  this, 
state  is  about  twenty  cents  per  pound. 
The  market  value  of  the  gain  in  nitro- 
gen per  acre  by  plowing  under  the 
average  crop  as  shown  is  indicated  in 
the  last  column.  It  is  probable  that  the 
yields  assumed  in  this  table  are  higher 
than  could  be  obtained  in  actual  field 
practice.  Certainly  they  are  larger 
than  would  be  obtained  in  the  drier 
sections  of  the  state.  They  are  not 
larger,  however,  than  may  be  secured 
under  irrigation,  or  in  those  parts  of 
the  state  where  the  annual  rainfall  is 
heavy.  Not  all  of  the  nitrogen  shown 
as  gain  in  the  above  table  would  be 
net  gain  in  every  instance.  On  soils, 
rich  in  nitrogen,  the  crop  takes  only  a 
part  of  its  nitrogen  from  the  air,  secur- 
ing a  considerable  proportion  from  the 
soil  itself.  Probably  the  poorer  the  soil 
is  in  nitrogen  the  greater  the  propor- 
tionate gain  in  nitrogen  from  the  air.. 
The  net  gain  is,  therefore,  likely  to  be 
greatest  in  those  soils  which  are  in 
greatest  need  of  nitrogen. 


a  three-inch  mulch  saved  72  per  cent' 
of  the  total  possible  saving  and  that 
increasing  the  depth  of  the  mulch  to 
ten  inches  only  resulted  in  a  saving  of 
88  per  cent  of  the  total  possible  amount. 
For  all  ordinary  soils  and  conditions,, 
therefore,  a  three-inch  mulch  is  a  most 
efficient  depth. 

Rise  of  Capillary  Moisture  i» 
Different  Types  of  Soil 

By  R.  W.  Thatcher,  Pullman,  Washington 

The  rate  at  which  water  rises 
through  soil  by  capillary  action  de- 
pends upon  the  size  of  the  soil  par- 
ticles and  the  proportion  of  humus 
which  the  soil  contains.  In  an  experi- 
ment conducted  by  Professor  C.  C. 
Thom,  soil  physicist  of  the  experiment- 
station  at  Pullman,  Washington,  the 
following  results  were  obtained.  The- 
different  soils  were  placed  in  large  gal- 
vanized iron  tanks  in  the  open  field, 
all  equally  compacted,  and  a  constan^ 
supply  of  water  fed  to  each  at  a  depth 
of  two  feet  below  the  surface.  The- 
amount  of  water,  expressed  both  in 
pounds  and  in  the  equivalent  acre- 
inches,  which  came  up  through  the 
soils  and  evaporated  away  into  the  air 
during  the  month  of  August,  1912,  is. 
shown  in  the  following  table: 

Loss  in       Loss,  as 


Kind  of  Soil  pounds  acre-inches^ 

Sand    33.3  2.19 

Loam    26.2  1.66 

Clay    24.0  1.53 

Humus    18.4  1.17 


Editor  Better  Fruit: 

I  consider  your  paper  a  valued  one  to  all' 
fruit  growers.  Yours  truly,  J.  R.  Whissen„ 
Edinburg,  Virginia. 


Effect  of  Mulches  of  Different  Depths 

By  R.  W.  Thatcher,  Pullman,  Washington 


Page  14 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Alfalfa  Should  Be  Grown  On  Every  Farm — It  Is  Profitable 

By  J.  E.  Buck,  Iiiteiiiational  Haivestoi'  Company  Agricultural  Extension  Department 


ALFALFA  is  a  profitable  crop  be- 
cause of  its  abundant  yields,  three 
harvests  being  nothing  unusual 
in  the  Corn  Belt  states.  The  average 
yield  of  alfalfa  is  about  double  the 
average  yield  of  clover.  Alfalfa  in- 
creases farm  values  because  it  enriches 
the  soil  instead  of  depleting  it,  as  grain 
crops  do.  Corn  or  wheat  or  any  other 
grain  crop  grown  on  alfalfa  sod  yields 
much  more  abundantly  than  the  same 
crops  grown  on  the  same  field  before 
alfalfa  was  grown  there.  Alfalfa  is  the 
premier  crop,  because  it  excels  every 
other  crop  in  yield  per  acre,  in  feeding 


ALFALFA  OUT  YIELDS 
OTHER  HAY  CROPS 

ALFALFA 

6.4  TONS   PEB  ACRE 

RED  CLOVER 

2.5    •'     •>  " 

BROME 
GRASS 

■H        13  » 

value,  as  a  drouth  resister  and  as  a  soil 
enricher.  Alfalfa  is  no  harder  to  grow 
than  clover,  and  therefore  because  of 
its  many  excellent  qualities  should  be 
grown  on  every  farm.  No  farmer  can 
do  better  than  to  follow  the  admonition 
of  this  chart  and  make  a  beginning  to 
grow  some  alfalfa.  Start  now.  The 
accompanying  charts  prove  beyond 
question  its  many  advantages. 

Only  about  5,000,000  acres  of  alfalfa 
is  grown  in  the  United  States  today,  as 


ALFALFA 


WHEAT  BRAN 


ALFALFA  RICH 
IN  DIGESTIBLE  PROTEIN 


OATS 


CORN 


CLOVER 


TWIOTHV 


CORN  FODDER 


CORN  SILAGE 


OAT  STRAW 


WHEAT  STTRAWi 


t 
112.3 
11.2 

9.5 

7.8 

7.5 

2.8 

2.5 

1.3 

12 

.4 


compared  with  about  50,000,000  acres 
of  timothv  and  clover,  46,000,000  acres 
of  wheat,  and  more  than  100,000,000 
acres  of  corn.  Of  the  5,000,000  acres 
under  alfalfa  only  218,000  acres  of  this 
crop  is  grown  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  As  you  will  note  by  referring 
to  the  chart,  nearly  1,000,000  acres  of 
alfalfa,  or  one-fifth  of  the  entire  area, 
is  grown  in  the  State  of  Kansas  alone. 


ALFALFA  HIGHEST  IN 

DIGESTIBLE  PROTEIN  PER  ACRE 

ALFALFA 

875  LBS 

CLOVER 

OATS  &  PEAS 

■■Mi  dSO 

COSN 

■^H  300 

BAGAS 

■■■i  279 

MANGELS 

■■■  232 

TIMOTHY 

■■i  228 

SUGAR  BEETS 

■■1  213 

In  the  rank  of  states  growing  alfalfa 
Nebraska  is  second,  Colorado  third  and 
California  fourth.  The  great  Corn  Belt 
states,  such  as  Iowa,  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin, rank  very  low  in  the  production 
of  alfalfa — and  it  is  in  the  Corn  Belt 
states,  therefore,  that  the  need  for 
growing  alfalfa  is  found  to  be  the  most 
urgent. 

According  to  the  1910  census  of  the 
hay  crop,  the  State  of  Wisconsin  grew 


ALFMJFK  ENRICHES  THE  LAND 


WHEAT 

BU. 
PEtt  AC«E 

ALFALFA  SOD 

^^^■■■■1611} 

TIMOTOV  SOD 

■■■■■■ 

BARLEY 

ALFALFA  SOD 

TIMOTHY  SOD 

■■■  20. 

CORN 

ALRVLFA  SOD 

■■■i  24. 

TIMOTHY  SOD 

■■i  18. 

18,000  acres  of  alfalfa,  which  averaged 
2.8  tons  per  acre  for  the  entire  state, 
and  the  average  acre  value  of  the  crop 
was  $31.  During  the  same  year  the 
combined  acreage  of  timothy  and  clover 
averaged  1.6  tons  per  acre,  valued  at 
.f!l4.  It  costs  no  more  to  grow  an  acre 
of  alfalfa  than  it  does  to  grow  an  acre 
of  timothy  or  clover.    Therefore,  as- 


SAVE  THE  ALFALFA 

LEAVES 

PROPORTION 

/. 

STALK  1 

60 

LEAF  1 

40 

PROTEIN 

STALK  1 

40 

LEAF  1 

60 

FAT 

STALK  1 

20 

LEAF 

1  80 

suming  that  the  cost  of  growing  an 
acre  of  clover  or  timothy  to  be  -$10,  the 
farmer  would  clear  .$4  per  acre  in 
growing  these  crops,  whereas  the  same 
farmer  if  he  grew  alfalfa  would  reap  a 
profit  of  .$21  per  acre.  This  is  a  very 
strong  chart  and  .should  be  carefuly 
studied  by  everyone  who  is  interested 
in  making  the  farm  more  profitable. 

By  means  of  a  series  of  experiments 
carried  on  over  a  number  of  years,  the 
average  yield  of  alfalfa  per  acre  has 
been  found  to  be  5.4  tons,  whereas  red 
clover  yielded  only  2.5  tons,  timothy  2.3 
tons,  brome  grass  1.3  tons.    Not  only 


does  alfalfa  yield  more  than  twice  the 
tonnage  of  red  clover,  but  it  also  makes 
a  much  more  valuable  feed.  In  view  of 
the  foregoing,  why  should  the  farmers 
of  the  United  States  keep  on  growing 
50,000,000  acres  of  timothy  and  clover 
and  only  5,000,000  acres  of  alfalfa? 
Would  it  not  be  much  more  profitable 
to  simply  reverse  the  figures  and  grow 
50,000,000  acres  of  alfalfa  and  only 
5,000,000  acres  of  clover  and  timothy? 
Think  it  over. 


ALFALFA 
TIMOTHY 
CLOVER 
TIMOTHY) 

AND  > 

CLOVERj 


ALFALFA  MOST  VALUABLE 
FORAGE  CROP 

wiscoixsiw  MAY  CROP- mo 

ACREAGE    AVE.VieLD    VALPER  A. 

18.000    2.8  Tons  *31 


76Z00O 
119.600 


1.4 

1.7 


1.600000  L6 


14 
14 

14 


Of  the  entire  alfalfa  plant,  the  stalk 
comprises  60  per  cent  and  the  leaf  40 
per  cent,  whereas  the  quantity  of  pro- 
tein in  the  stalk  is  only  40  per  cent, 
while  the  protein  in  the  leaf  is  60  per 
cent.  Moreover,  only  20  per  cent  of  the 
fat  is  to  be  found  in  the  stalk,  while  80 
per  cent  is  in  the  leaf.  It  is,  therefore, 
very  important  that  the  alfalfa  be  har- 
vested at  the  proper  time,  and  carefully 
handled  so  that  all  the  leaves  will  be 
saved. 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  15 


Of  all  crops  alfalfa  stands  at  the  head 
of  the  list,  alphabetically  and  other- 
wise. In  the  matter  of  digestible  pro- 
tein, alfalfa  leads  with  12.3  per  cent, 
surpassing  even  wheat  bran  by  1.1  per 
cent.  This  chart  presents  some  start- 
ling disclosures  as  to  the  great  value  of 
alfalfa,  but  it  may  not  be  very  easy  for 
everyone  to  understand  the  full  mean- 


GROW  YOUR  PROTEIN 

DONT  BUY  IT 

ALFALFA  EQUAL  TO  BRAN 
BRAN  COSTS  $21  per  ton 

ALFALFA  5.15  •■  •• 


RENT  FOR  FIVE  VEARS  »2S  OO 

SEED  2.00 
PREPARATION  AND  SEEDING  5.00 
MANl«E  UME  INOCULATION  ETC  4.00 
CinTINO  12  TIMES  56.00 
>73.00 

TOTAL  YIELD  FIVE  YEARS  14  TONS 
672J)0-i-U-e&15  COST  PER  TON 


ing  expressed  in  percentages.  There- 
fore another  chart  has  been  prepared 
showing  that  alfalfa  ranks  highest  in 
digestible  protein  per  acre.  \Ye  believe 
everyone  can  understand  this  chart, 
which  is  expressed  in  very  simple 
terms.  By  careful  analysis  it  has  been 
found  that  alfalfa  yields  875  pounds  of 
digestible  protein  per  acre,  as  compared 
with  491  pounds  in  clover.  This  is  a 
very  remarkable  showing  in  favor  of 
alfalfa.  Protein  is  the  most  essential 
element  in  feedstufFs,  therefore  it  will 
readily  be  seen  how  valuable  alfalfa  is 


as  compared  with  clover,  oats  and  peas, 
corn,  timothy  or  sugar  beets.  By  care- 
ful analysis  it  has  been  found  that 
alfalfa  is  equal  to  bran  in  protein  con- 
tent. Wheat  bran  costs  about  $21  per 
ton,  whereas  alfalfa  can  be  grown  for 
$5.15  per  ton,  as  shown  by  the  figures 
presented  on  this  chart.  Why  should 
anyone  buy  wheat  bran  when  it  costs 
four  times  as  much  as  alfalfa,  and 
alfalfa  makes  just  as  good,  or  even  bet- 
ter, feed  than  wheat  bran? 

Not  only  does  alfalfa  yield  much 
more  abundant  harvests  than  the  other 
forage  crops,  but  it  enriches  the  land, 
while  it  yields  rich  harvests  for  the 
farmers.  The  experiment  set  forth  in 
the  accompanying  chart  was  made  in 
Canada,  where  it  was  found  that  alfalfa 


sod  yielded  61.5  bushels  of  wheat  per 
acre,  as  compared  with  42  bushels  of 
wheat  on  timothy  sod.  Barley  yielded 
30  bushels  per  acre  on  alfalfa  sod,  and 
only  20  bushels  on  timothy  sod.  Canada 
is  not  a  corn  country,  and  therefore  the 
yield  was  light,  but  the  difference  was 
still  found  to  be  in  favor  of  alfalfa  sod, 
which  yielded  24  bushels  on  timothy 
compared  with  18  bushels  on  timothy 
sod.  These  findings  are  simply  astound- 
ing, and  furnish  very  excellent  reasons 
why  alfalfa  should  be  grown  on  every 
farm.  In  speaking  of  the  value  of  the 
alfalfa  crop,  Hon.  A.  P.  Grout,  president 
of  the  Illinois  Alfalfa  Growers'  Asso- 


ciation, says:  "I  know  of  nothing  which 
will  do  more  for  the  development  of 
the  state,  or  add  more  to  its  wealth, 
than  a  thorough  knowledge  and  under- 
standing of  alfalfa." 


Editor  Better  Fruit: 

Your  magazine  has  certainly  done  good  work 
in  behalf  of  this  cause  and  deserves  the  com- 
mendation of  all  Northwestern  fruit  growers. 
Couldn't  get  along  without  "Better  Fruit." 
Every  month's  issue  is  worth  the  price  of  a 
year.  Yours  truly,  F.  A.  Schlick,  of  Bitter  Root 
Valley  Irrigation  Company,  Rockford,  Illinois. 


Editor  Better  Fruit: 

We  have  just  received  the  February  issue 
and  it  is  a  "dinger."  With  best  wishes,  we  are 
yours  truly,  R.  M.  Kellogg  Co.,  Three  Rivers, 
Micliigan. 


Statement  Fruits  and  Vegetables  Shipped  to  Seattle,  Washington 

Report  of  F.  X.  Rhodes,  Horticultural  Inspector  District  No.  9,  State  of  Washington 
PACKAGES  OF  FRUITS  SHIPPED  TO  SEATTLE  DURING  THE  YEAR  1912 


From  From  Total 

Washington    Outside  Points      Packages  Equal  to 

Apples                                                              538,.553  18,255  556,808  883  cars 

Oranges   Ifi3,822  163,822  429  " 

Lemons    42,676  42,676  113  " 

Bananas    114,450  114,450  327  " 

Pears                                                                 53,778  15,719  69,497  87  " 

Peaches                                                             298,282  39,373  337,655  336  " 

Plums  and  prunes                                             27,454  23,237  50,691  54  " 

Apricots                                                             16,694  4,276  20,970  21  " 

Tomatoes                                                            39,401  104,638  144,039  142  " 

(irapes                                                                61,072  132,735  193,807  183  " 

Grape  fruit    13,849  13,849  34  " 

Canteloupes                                                        21,719  69,659  91,378  155  " 

^Vatermelons                                                        5,985  17,758  23,743  190  " 

Strawberries                                                     107,593  46,653  154,246  244  " 

Cherries                                                             40,088  16,675  56,763  46  " 

Raspberries                                                        28,913  3  28,916  41  " 

Blackberries                                                       10,794    10,794  20  " 

Loganberries                                                        7,998  98  8,096  8  "  . 

Gooseberries                                                        3,224  366  3,590  5  " 

Huckleberries                                                      2,954    2,954  3  " 

Cranberries    2,166  2,166  13  " 

Currants   '                       2,951    2,951  5 

Crabapples                                                         4,311  110  4,421  5  " 

Pineapples    1,661  1.661  3  " 

Tangerines    462  462  .  .  " 

Nectarines                                                              448    448  .  .  " 

Persimmons    383  383  .  .  " 

Japanese  oranges    24,603  24,603  17  " 

Japanese  pears    1,031  1,031  .  .  " 

Mixed  fruits                                                        2,449  685  3,134  4  " 

Mexican  limes   216  216  .  .  " 

Figs    1,156  1,156  1  " 

Pomegranates    693  693  .  .  " 

Cassabas                                                                              '  712  712  5  " 

Quinces                                                                  331  48  379  .  .  " 

Yakamines                                                             542    542  .  .  " 

Prickly  pears    44  44  .  .  " 


Total  fruits                                             1,275,534  858,212  2,133,746  3,374  cars 

PACKAGES  OF  VEGETABLES  SHIPPED  TO  SEATTLE  DURING  THE  YEAR  1912 

From  From  Total 

^Yashington    Outside  Points      Packages  Equal  to 

Potatoes                                                            472,400  55,281  527,681  2,110  cars 

Onions                                                               22,172  47,761  69,933  277  " 

Cabbage                                                               6,078  18,292  24,370  137  " 

Lettuce                                                               12,197  12,462  24,659  122  " 

Cauliflower                                                            403  8,369  8,772  54  " 

Celery                                                                  1,205  6,702  7,907  44  " 

Sweet  potatoes    21,359  21,359  131  " 

Carrots                                                                4,818  1,079  5,897  25  " 

Beets                                                                    1,458  145  1,603  5  " 

Mixed  vegetables   '                                13,225  14,115  27.340  134  " 

Rhubarb                                                                10,972  6,800  17,772  35  " 

Peppers                                                                   3,498  7,227  10,725  13  " 

Cucumbers                                                         10,125  680  10,805  21  " 

Asparagus                                                          20,791  17.390  38,181  32  " 

Corn                                                                       10.003  509  10,512  15  " 

Spinach                                                               5,234  119  5.353  9  " 

Peas                                                                     1,787  4,601  6,388  12  " 

Eggplant                                                              2,718  828  3,546  8  " 

Squash                                                                     1,328  266  1,594  7  " 

Turnips                                                                  666  862  1,528  3  " 

Rutabagas                                                              867  1,33  1,000  3  " 

Artichokes    992  992  .  .  " 

Garlic    331  .331  ..  " 

Reans                                                                     396  2,906  3,302  9  " 

Parsnips                                                              2,031    2,031  7  " 

Pumpkins                                                              528    528  .  .  " 

Brussels  sprouts    .393  393  .  .  " 


Total  vegetables    604,900  229,602  834,502  3,213  cars 

Total  fruits    1,275,534  858,212  2,133,746  3,374  " 


Grand  total    1,880,434  1,087,814  2,968,248  6,587  cars 


TEditorial  Note. — The  report  of  F.  N.  Rhodes  shows  the  quantity  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  and  all 
kinds  of  vegetables  consumed  in  one  year  by  a  first-class  American  city  of  250,000  population, 
and  affords  a  splendid  opportunity  for  the  fruit  grower  and  truck  gardener  to  figure  on  the 
probable  consumption  of  each  article  mentioned  in  the  entire  United  States.  It  should  be  of 
great  value  to  the  fruit  grower  and  truck  gardener  in  estimating  the  quantity  necessary  to  supply 
local  territory  and  cities  which  are  tributary  to  his  market.  If  the  grower  knows  the  supply 
necessary  to  furnish  250,000  people  and  is  adjacent  to  a  city  of  25.000  people,  by  ascertaining  the 
number  of  acres  set  to  any  variety  of  fruit  or  vegetable  mentioned  in  this  list  and  the  probable 
yield,  he  can  determine  just  how  many  acres  it  would  be  advisable  for  him  to  plant.  Ry  ascer- 
taining the  average  price  for  the  different  kinds  of  fruits  and  vegetables  he  can  not  only  deter- 
mine wisely  in  advance  the  number  of  acres  to  plant,  but  also  the  probable  profit.] 


ALFALFA  SHOULD  BE  GROWN 

ON 

EVERV  FARM^ 
L  IT  IS  A  PROFITABLE  CROP 
2  INCREASES  FARM  VALUES 
a  EXCELS  EVERY  OTHER  CROP 

IN  TIELD  PER  ACRE 

\H  FEEDING  VALUE 

AS  A  DROUTH  RESISTER 

AS  A  SOIL  ENRICHER 

4  MO  HARDER  TO  GROW  THAN  CLOVER 

5  MAKE  A  BEGINNING  START  NOW 

GROW  SOME  ALFALFA 

6  MOTTO 

ALFALFA  ON  EVERV  FARM 


Page  1 6 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Korth  Pacific  Fruit  Distributors'  Grading  Rules 

From  the  Spokesman-Review,  Spokane,  Washington 


EXTRA  FANCY.— This  grade  shall 
consist  of  sound,  smooth,  matured, 
clean,  hand-picked,  well-formed  apples 
only;  free  from  all  insect  pests,  disease, 
blemishes,  bruises  and  other  physical 
injuries,  stings,  scald,  scab,  sunscald, 
dry  or  bitter  rot,  worms,  worm  holes, 
-decay,  spray  burn,  limb  rub,  water 
core,  skin  puncture  or  skin  broken  at 
stem.  All  apples  must  be  of  good  ma- 
tured color,  shape  and  condition  char- 
acteristic of  the  variety. 

The  following  varieties,  defined  as  to 
color,  shall  be  admitted  to  this  grade: 
Solid  red  varieties:  Aiken  Red,  Arkan- 
sas Black,  Black  Ben  Davis,  Fall  Wine, 
Gano,  Geniton,  .lonathan.  King  David, 
Mammoth  Black  Twig,  Missouri  Pippin, 
Oregon  Red,  Spitzenberg  (Esopus), 
Steele  Red,  Vanderpool.  Striped  or  par- 
tial red  varieties:  Ben  Davis,  Delicious, 
Gravenstein,  Hubbardston  None-such, 
Jeffries,  King  of  Tompkins  County, 
Macintosh  Red,  Northern  Spy,  Rome 
Beauty,  Stayman,  Wagener,  Wealthy, 
Snow,  York  Imperial. 

Color  requirements  for  extra  fancy 
are  as  follows:  Solid  red  varieties  to 
"have  not  less  than  three-fourths  good 
red  color  and  the  size  of  175  and 
smaller,  when  admitted  to  the  grade,  to 
"have  at  least  90  per  cent  good  red  color. 
Striped  or  partial  red  varieties,  as  des- 
ignated above,  to  have  not  less  than 
one-half  good  red  color;  when  the  size 
of  175  or  smaller  is  admitted  to  this 
grade  they  must  have  at  least  three- 
fourths  good  red  color.  Except  that 
Gravensteins,  Jeffries  and  King  of 
Tompkins  County,  in  all  sizes,  must  be 
at  least  one-third  good  red  color.  Red 
cheek  or  blushed  varieties,  such  as 
Hyde  King,  Red  Cheek  Pippin,  Winter 
Banana,  Maiden  Blush,  must  have  a  red 
cheek.  Ortleys  must  be  white,  yellow 
or  waxen.  Yellow  or  green  varieties, 
such  as  Grimes  Golden,  White  Winter 
Pearmain,  Yellow  Newtown  and  Cox's 
Orange  Pippin,  must  have  the  charac- 
leristic  color  of  the  variety. 

No  sizes  admitted  to  this  grade 
smaller  than  as  follows:  Aiken  Red, 
"200;  Arkansas  Black,  175;  Ben  Davis, 
163;  Black  Ben  Davis,  163;  Cox's 
Orange  Pippin,  163;  Delicious,  150;  Fall 
Wine,  200;  Gano,  163;  Grimes  Golden, 
200;  Gravenstein,  200;  Hubbardston 
None-such,  163;  Hvde's  King,  150;  Geni- 
ton, 200;  Jonathan,  200;  Jeffries,  225; 
King  of  Tompkins  County,  163;  King 
David,  200;  Mammoth  Black  Twig,  150; 
Missouri  Pippin,  200;  Macintosh  Red, 
200;  Maiden  Blush,  163;  Northern  Spy, 
150;  Oregon  Red,  175;  Ortley,  175; 
Rome  Beauty,  163;  Red  Cheek  Pippin, 
163;  Spitzenberg  (Esopus),  200;  Steele 
Red,  163;  Stayman,  163;  Snow,  225; 
Vanderpool,  163;  Winesap,  225;  Wag- 
ener, 200;  Winter  Banana,  150;  White 
Winter  Pearmain,  200;  Wealthy,  200; 
Yellow  Newtown,  225;  York  Impei'ial, 
163.  All  boxes  to  be  lined  and  card- 
board to  be  used  top  and  bottom. 

Fancy  grade:  In  this  grade  all  apples 
must  be  matured,  hand  picked,  clean 
and   sound,   free   from   insect  pests. 


water  core,  sun  damage,  broken  skin, 
scald,  scale,  dry  or  bitter  rot,  worms, 
worm  stings,  infectious  diseases  and 
all  other  defects  equally  detrimental, 
excepting  that  slight  limb  or  leaf  rub, 
scratches  or  russeting  will  be  permit- 
ted provided  that  no  apple  shall  show 
total  blemishes  aggregating  more  than 
one-half  inch  square.  Fruit  clearly 
misshapen,  bruised  or  bearing  evidence 
of  rough  handling  shall  not  be  permit- 
ted in  this  grade.  The  varieties  admit- 
ted to  this  grade  are  the  same  as  in  the 
extra  fancy.  All  boxes  are  to  be  lined 
and  cardboard  to  be  used  top  and 
bottom. 

Color  requirements  are  as  follows: 
The  solid  red  varieties  must  have  fully 
one-third  of  good  solid  red  color. 
Striped  or  partial  red  varieties  must 
have  at  least  one-fourth  of  good  red 
color.  All  apples  of  a  green  or  yellow 
variety  shall  be  of  characteristic  color. 

No  sizes  shall  be  admitted  to  this 
grade  smaller  than  as  follows:  Aiken 
Red,  175;  Arkansas  Black,  163;  Ben 
Davis,  150;  Black  Ben  Davis,  150;  Cox's 
Orange  Pippin,  150;  Delicious,  150;  Fall 
Wine,  175;  Gano,  150;  Grimes  Golden, 
175;  Gravenstein,  175;  Hubbardston 
None-such,  150;  Hyde's  King,  150;  Geni- 
ton, 175;  Jonathan,  175;  Jeffries,  200; 
King  of  Tompkins  County,  150;  King 
David,  175;  Mammoth  Black  Twig,  150; 
Missouri  Pippin,  175;  Macintosh  Red, 
175;  Maiden  Blush,  150;  Northern  Spy, 
150;  Orange  Red,  163;  Ortley,  163;  Rome 
Beauty,  150;  Red  Cheek  Pippin,  150; 
Spitzenberg  (Esopus),  150;  Steele  Red, 
150;  Stayman,  150;  Snow,  200;  Vander- 
pool, 150;  Winesap,  200;  Wagener,  175; 
Winter  Banana,  150;  White  Winter 
Pearmain,  175;  Wealthy,  175;  Yellow 
Newtown,  200;  York  Imperial,  150. 

Single  grade:  The  following  apples 
to  be  packed  in  one  grade,  combining 
the  extra  fancy  and  fancy  grades  as 
provided  by  these  grading  rules,  size 
not  smaller  than  163  count,  windfalls 
absolutely  excluded.  This  pack  to  be 
marked  or  labeled  as  fancy:  Apple  of 
Commerce,  Baldwin,  Ben  Hur,  Bis- 
marck, Canada  Red,  Chicago,  Cham- 
pion, Delaware  Red,  Golden  Russet, 
Hoover,  Ingram,  Kaighn  Spitzenberg, 
Kentish,  Kinnard,  Mann,  Mother,  McMa- 
hon,  N.  W.  Greening,  Pewaukee,  Pryor 
Red,  Rambo,  Rhode  Island  Greening, 
Roy  Russet,  Russian  Red,  Salome,  Sen- 
ator, Shakelford,  Stark,  Swaar,  Wall- 
bridge,  Westfield,  Willow  Twig,  Yellow 
Bellefleur. 

Exceptions:  Summer  varieties  such 
as  Astrachan,  Bailey's  Sweet,  Beiting- 
heimer.  Duchess,  Early  Harvest,  Red 
June,  Strawberry,  Twenty-ounce  Pip- 
pin, Yellow  Transparent  and  kindred 
varieties  not  otherwise  specified  in 
these  grading  rules,  together  with  early 
fall  varieties,  such  as  Alexander,  Blue 
Pearmain,  Wolf  River,  Spokane  Beauty, 
Fall  Pippin,  Waxen,  Talman  Sweets, 
Sweet  Bough  and  other  varieties  not 
provided  for  in  these  grading  rules,  as 
grown  in  sections  of  early  maturity, 
shall  be  packed  in  accordance  with  the 


grading  rules  covering  fancy  grade  as 
to  defects,  but  regardless  of  color  rules; 
size  not  smaller  than  163  count  for  the 
larger-growing  varieties  and  225  count 
for  the  smaller-growing  varieties; 
windfalls  to  be  absolutely  excluded. 
All  boxes  to  be  lined  and  cardboard 
used  top  and  bottom. 

C  grade:  This  grade  is  provided  to 
be  used  when  market  requirements 
justify  and  shall  consist  of  apples  not 
smaller  than  163  count.  This  grade 
shall  be  made  up  of  all  merchantable 
apples  not  included  in  extra  fancy  or 
fancy  grades.  Apples  must  be  free 
from  all  insect  pests,  worms,  worm 
holes  and  infectious  diseases.  Serious 
physical  injuries,  skin  puncture,  bruised 
or  broken  skin  will  not  be  permitted, 
and  not  exceeding  two  stings,  thor- 
oughly healed.  There  are  no  require- 
ments as  to  color  except  that  the  fruit 
must  be  matured.  This  grade  to  be 
packed  in  accordance  with  trade  re- 
quirements. 

Indorsements:  Your  executive  board 
advises  the  use  of  the  regular  North- 
western standard  box  in  all  sections, 
inside  measurements  lOVaxll^xlS, with 
solid  ends.  We  believe  that  we  should 
make  this  the  uniform  box  as  standard 
in  all  sections.  Inasmuch  as  the  laws, 
as  well  as  the  trade  requirements,  will 
force  us  to  sell  our  apples  by  numer- 
ical count,  we  abolish  the  system  of 
designating  or  manifesting  fruit  by 
tiers  and  we  employ  the  numerical  sys- 
tem exclusively  hereafter.  The  recog- 
nized and  indorsed  counts  for  the 
Northwestern  standard  apple  pack  are 
as  follows:  36,  45,  48,  56,  64,  72,  80,  88, 
96,  104,  112,  113,  125,  138,  150,  163,  175, 
188,  200,  213,  225. 

Crabapples:  These  should  be  care- 
fully assorted  as  to  varieties,  making 
one  grade  only,  keeping  out  all  insect 
pests,  worm  holes,  sting,  scale,  mis- 
shapen and  blemished  fruit.  Put  up  in 
apple  boxes,  line  the  box,  fill  in  gently 
so  as  to  prevent  bruising. 

Lady  apples:  These  should  be  packed 
in  half  boxes,  boxes  lined,  remember- 
ing that  the  more  attractive  the  better 
the  sale.  Make  only  one  grade,  keeping 
out  all  insect  pests,  worm  holes,  sting, 
scale,  misshapen  and  blemished  fruit. 


The  Salem  Fruitgrowers'  Union  has 
the  following  board  of  directors  for 
the  season  of  1913:  C.  L.  McNary, 
president;  W.  S.  Walton,  secretary; 
Philip  Gilbert,  vice-president;  A.  Verc- 
ler,  C.  O.  Constable  and  W.  I.  Staley. 
The  directors  appropriated  a  neat  sum 
to  increase  the  consumption  of  logan- 
berries, which  are  grown  around 
Salem  more  extensively  than  any  other 
section  of  the  Northwest.  This  berry 
is  also  being  planted  largely  around 
Independence,  Corvallis  and  Eugene. 
The  loganberry  is  growing  in  popu- 
larity, and  so  far  the  supply  is  not 
equal  to  the  demand.  Canned,  it  makes 
one  of  the  finest  fruits  for  pies  in  ex- 
istence, having  the  acidity  and  de- 
lightful flavor  of  the  wild  blackberry. 
In  fact  the  editor  of  "Better  Fruit"  ate 
a  loganberry  pie  in  California  think- 
ing it  was  made  from  wild  blackben-ies. 


19 1 3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  17 


No'Ilim^Cut  Tires 
10%  Oversize 


Controlled  by  Secrecy 


The  essential  feature  in  No-Rim- 
Cut  tires  is  made  under  lock  and 
key. 

We  control  it  by  secrecy. 

Other  attempts  to  make  tires 
which  can't  rim-cut  have  cost  for- 
tunes in  faulty  tires. 


No-Rim-Cut  tires,  for  years  and 
years,  have  served  hundreds  of 
thousands  well.  Not  one  has  ever 
rim-cut. 

That  is  why  the  demand  centers 
on  them.  Goodyear  tires  have  come 
to  outsell  every  other  tire. 


The  Secret 

The  secret  lies  in  six  flat  bands  of 
126  braided  wires.  They  are  vulcan- 
ized into  the  tire  base. 

That  makes  the  tire  base  unstretch- 
able.  The  tire  can't  be  forced  off 
without  removing  a  rim  flange.  So 
we  don't  hook  the  tire  to  the  rim. 

With  this  bookless  tire  you  turn 
your  rim  flanges  outward — not  in- 
ward as  with  clincher  tires.  Then 
the  tire,  when  wholly  or  partly 
deflated,  rests  on  a  rounded  edge. 
Rim-cutting  is  made  impossible. 

Extra  Capacity 

No-Rim-Cut  tires 
have  10  per  cent  more 
air  capacity  than  the 
same  rated  size  in 
clinchers.  And  air  is 
what  carries  the  load. 

This  over -capacity, 
on  the  average,  adds 
25  per  cent  to  the  tire 
mileage. 


So  the  tires  save  rim-cutting  and 
save  over-loading.  They  save  so 
much  that  they  have  become  the 
most  popular  tires  in  the  world. 

The  Vital 
Bands  of  Wire 

But  our  braided  wire  bands  are 
considered  essential  to  a  faultless 
tire  of  this  type. 

Again  and  again  other  ways  have 
been  tried.  And  thousands  of  tires 
came  back  for  replacement  because 
the  ways  were  wrong. 

So  the  demand  has  come  to  Good- 


years,  in  an  overwhelming  way.  We 
have  sold  over  one  million  auto- 
mobile tires  in  the  past  12  months 
alone. 

No  Extra  Price 

Now,  our  mammoth  production 
has  brought  down  the  cost  of  this 
wanted  type  of  tire. 

No-Rim-Cut  tires  used  to  cost  one- 
fifth  more  than  clinchers.  Little  by 
little  the  cost  has  been  cut. 

Now  no  standard  tires  of  any  type 
cost  less  than  No-Rim-Cut  tires. 

Think  what  that  means — tires  that 
can't  rim-cut,  oversize  tires  at  no 
higher  cost  than  old-types. 

Don't  you  think  that 
it  pays  to  insist  on 
them? 


AKRON,  OHIO 


No-Rim-Cut  Tires 

With  or  Without  Non-Skid  Treads 


Write  for  the 
Goodyear  Tire  Book 
—  14th -year  edition. 
It  tells  all  known 
ways  to  economize 
on  tires. 


The  Goodyear  Tire  &  Rubber  Company,  Akron,  Ohio 

Branches  and  Agencies  in  103  Principal  Cities  More  Service  Stations  Than  Any  Other  Tire 

We  Make  All  Kinds  of  Rubber  Tires,  Tire  Accessories  and  Repair  Outfits 
Main  Canadian  Office,  Toronto,  Ontario — Canadian  Factory,  Bowmanville,  Ontario 


(1197 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  i8 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


No  matter  liow  mucii  j^oii  liave  read  or  lieard  about  Fruit  Cleaning  and  Grad- 
ing Macliines,  no  matter  liow  often  you  have  seen  tliem  in  use  or  used  tliem 
yourself,  it  will  pay  you  to  investigate  the 


the  highest  development  of  Fruit  Cleaning  and  Grading  Machine  manufacture. 
It  is  the  onh^  combination  Cleaning  and  Grading  Machine  on  the  market,  two 
vitally  important  advantages. 

It  cleans  the  fruit  thoroughly  without  injury  and  grades  it  accurately,  mak- 
ing ten  separate  grades,  with  no  possibilit3'  of  bruising  it. 

Take  nothing  for  granted.  Seeing  is  believing.  We  want  you  to  test  our 
claim  of  merit  in  your  packing  house,  on  your  work.  One  da^^'s  trial  will  con- 
vince you. 

All  you  have  to  do  to  get  our  descriptive  catalogue  is  to  send  us  a  post  card. 
Do  it  now! 

Oregon  Fruit  Cleaner  Co. 

THE  DALLES,  OREGON,  U.S.A. 


WHEN    WRITING    ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  ERUIT 


19 1 3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  ig 


YOUR  aim  has  always  been  better  fruit — improving  the  quality  and  pack 
until  you  have  finally  attained  a  high  standard.  Now  isn't  it  time  for  you 
to  seek  a  Better  Outlet  for  this  fruit — time  to  improve  the  marketing  of 
your  crop  as  well  as  the  quality?  Years  of  striving  have  resulted  in 
better  fruit;  now  let  us  give  you 

Better  Marketinsi 

Our  method  is  simple  and  direct,  without  frills  or  secrets;  connections  in  every 
market  of  consequence;  an  experienced  and  capable  organization,  trained  in  the 
handling  of  Northwestern  Apples  and  Deciduous  Fruits.  By  specializing  in  these 
products  and  taking  on  no  more  than  can  be  handled  with  our  personal  attention, 
we  have  been  steadily  successful  in  marketing  them. 

Crop  marketing  is  the  big  problem  confronting  every  Northwestern  fruit  man 
today.  If  you  aim  to  secure  better  marketing  as  well  as  better  fruit,  you  will 
write  us  now  and  ask  us  to  explain  our  method. 


DENNEY  &  CO 


Chicago 


Only  Two  Grades  to  be  Shipped  from  Wenatchee 


UNITY  and  harmony  among  the 
apple  shippers  of  the  Wenatchee 
Valley  this  season  are  assured  by  the 
agreement  reached  by  the  Wenatchee 
Produce  Company,  Wenatchee  Valley 
Fruitgrowers'  Association,  Wenatchee- 
Columbia  Fruit  Company,  Northwest- 
ern Fruit  Exchange,  Cashmere  Union 
and  Peshastin  Association.  There  will 
be  only  two  grades,  called  one  and  two, 
uniform  and  thorough  inspection,  cen- 
tral accounting  and  the  respecting  of 
shippers'  contracts  with  growers.  If 
one  concern  has  entered  into  a  contract 
with  a  grower  to  handle  his  fruit  all 
the  others  will  refuse  to  deal  with  that 
grower.  A  committee  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  codify  the  grading  rules. 
Grade  one  will  be  better  than  the 
present  extra  fancy;  number  two  will 
be  better  than  C  grade,  all  of  former 
fancy  and  the  inferior  extra  fancy.  The 
proposal  to  ship  but  two  grades  of 
apples  this  year  from  the  Wenatchee 
Valley  by  the  big  shipping  interests 
represented  here  has  met  with  very 
general  favor  from  the  growers  all  over 
the  valley.  It  has  caused  a  great  deal 
of  talk  and  it  seems  to  be  the  general 
impression  that  but  two  grades  should 
be  shipped.  While  the  committee  has 
not  formally  drafted  the  new  grading 
rules,  yet  on  most  points  there  was 
unanimity  of  opinion. 

First  grade:  Number  one  grade  will 
be  slightly  better  than  the  present  ex- 


tra fancy  in  so  far  as  concerns  the  size 
of  the  apples.  The  Wenatchee  Ex- 
change grading  rules  for  physical  con- 
dition of  first  grades  were  adopted  at 
the  meeting  Saturday  as  follows:  "That 
all  apples  must  be  of  natural  color, 
shape  and  condition,  characteristic  of 
variety.  Apples  heavily  coated  with 
dirt  must  be  cleaned.  Apples  must  be 
sound,  smooth,  well  formed,  free  from 
all  insect  pests,  disease,  blemishes,  in- 
juries, worms,  worm  holes,  stings,  scale, 
scab,  sunscald,  dry  rot,  decay,  fungus, 
water  core,  spray  burns,  limb  rub,  skin 
punctures,  skin  broken  at  stem.  Each 
apple  must  be  wrapped.  Boxes  must 
be  lined  with  paper.  Pack  must  be 
standard."  It  was  decided  that  all  solid 
red  apples  shall  be  75  per  cent  red  to 
be  included  in  number  one  grade.  All 
partially  red  varieties  shall  be  50  per 
cent  in  color  to  be  included  in  numljer 
one  grade.  This  includes  such  varie- 
ties as  Delicious,  Gravenstein,  Jon- 
athan, Rome  Beauty,  Stayman  Wine- 
sap,  Ben  Davis,  Apple  of  Commerce  and 
Snows.  Blushed  varieties  shall  be  ac- 
cepted in  the  first  grade  which  have  a 
distinctly  colored  cheek,  such  as  Red 
Cheek  Pippin  and  Winter  Banana.  Yel- 
low varieties  may  be  accepted  in  the 
first  grade  which  have  a  good  natural 
color,  such  as  Grimes  Golden,  Ortley, 
White  Winter  Pearmain  and  Yellow 
Newtown.  Number  one  grade  will  in- 
clude all  apples  138  and  larger,  except 


NO  FLIES  HERE" 


— a  preparation  that 
drives  tliem  away  from 
stable,  barn  and  out- 
buildings and  keeps  them 
off  your  horses,  cows  and 
other  live  stock. 

Protect  your  stock  from 
flies  and  increase  its 
health  and  your  gain. 

PRICES 

Quart  Can   $0.80 

J4-Gallon  Can   1.25 

Gallon  Can   2.00 

Dilute  for  use  one  part  "Ifo- 
Flies-Here"  with  five  parts 
water. 

Send  for  some  today.  It  paj^s 
you  big.  "We  recommend  it." 


Monroe  &  Crisell 

126  Front  Street,  PORTLAND,  OREGON 


Page  20 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Blue  Ribbon" 


(EXTRA  RAISJCY) 


Red  Ribbon 


33 


(  F-AIVICY) 


Famous  Brands 


OF 


yakima  f^pples 

Yakima  County  Horticultural  Union 


E.  E.  SAMSON,  Manager 


NORTH  YAKIMA,  WASHINGTON 


So-Bos-So 


The  Most 
Successful 

FLY 
KILLER 


Your  cows  will  give  Vi  moremilk--your  horses  will  do  more 
work  on  less  feed  when  protected  from  the  torture  of  flies. 
A  single  trial  will  convince  you. 

Write  today.    Ask  for  Catalog  No.  200 
and  the  So-Bos-So  Booklet. 

Portland  Seed  Co. 

Portland,  Oregon  ^^^gffjj^^ 
Western  Agents  Childs'  So-Bos-So 


Expert  Horticultural 

AND 

Agricultural  Advisor 

Consultations,  inspections,  appraisals 
and  reports  for  non-resident  owners  or 
intending  purchasers  of  Northwestern 
and  California  orchards  and  farm  lands. 

J.  W.  W.  MacDONALD 

Wenatchee,  Washington 


Winesap,  Jonathan,  King  David,  Mis- 
souri Pippin,  Snow,  Yellow  Newtown 
and  Grimes  Golden,  which  will  be  ac- 
cepted as  small  as  150. 

Second  grade:  Number  two  grade 
will  be  a  much  higher  grade  than  the 
present  C  grade.  There  will  be  no 
third  grade.  The  apples  not  eligible  to 
either  number  one  or  number  two 
grades  will  be  culls.  The  shippers  de- 
cided on  the  adoption  of  a  second 
grade,  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
Wenatchee  Valley  Fruitgrowers'  Asso- 
ciation. This  ruling  is  as  follows:  "In 
this  grade  all  apples  must  be  sound, 


free  from  bruises,  worms,  worm 
stings,  water  core,  sun  damage,  broken 
skin,  scald  or  disease  of  any  kind  and 
of  proper  shape,  according  to  variety. 
No  apples  smaller  than  163  shall  be 
allowed  in  this  grade,  except  the  Old 
Winesap,  Jonathan,  King  David,  Mis- 
souri Pippin,  Snow,  Yellow  Newtown 
and  Grimes  Golden,  which  will  be  ac- 
cepted as  small  as  175.  Rome  Beauty, 
size  113  and  larger,  without  color,  shall 
be  allowed  in  this  pack.  All  apples  of 
solid  red  variety  in  this  grade  must 
show  at  least  one-quarter  of  red  color. 
Partially  red  apples  shall  show  at  least 
10  per  cent  color.  Apples  will  be  ac- 
cepted in  this  grade  with  slight  blem- 
ishes, such  as  limb  rubs  and  scratches, 
providing,  however,  that  no  apples 
shall  show  total  blemishes  greater  than 
one-half  inch  square  in  area.  All  varie- 
ties of  yellow  apples  will  be  allowed  in 
this  grade." 


A  Great  Time  at  Salem,  Oregon 
The  prune  growers  of  the  State  of 
Oregon  called  a  meeting  to  take  place 
on  the  3d,  4th  and  5th  of  July,  for  the 
purpose  of  creating  a  greater  demand 
and  better  distribution  of  both  fresh 
and  dried  prunes  and  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  the  important  step  of  standard- 
izing the  prune  industry.  Everything 
is  strongly  tending  to  standardization 
of  the  fruit  package  in  the  Northwest. 
The  cherry  growers  of  Salem  an- 
nounced early  in  June  their  dates  for 
the  cherry  fair,  July  3,  4  and  5.  The 
cherry  industry  around  Salem  and  in 
the  Willamette  Valley  is  very  extensive. 
There  is  a  large  acreage  and  the  qual- 
ity is  fine.  Salem  will  certainly  have 
something  doing,  as  they  will  have  the 
usual  Fourth  of  July  celebration,  the 
cherry  fair  will  be  held  and  the  prune 
growers  from  all  over  the  state  will 
meet. 


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BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


BETTER  FRUIT 

HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 

Official  Organ  of 
The  Northwest  Fruit  Growers'  Association 
A  Monthly  Illustrated  Magazine 
Published  in  the  Interest  of  Modern 
Fruit  Growing  and  Marketing 
All  Communications  Should  Be  Addressed  and 
Remittances  Made  Payable  to 

Better  Fruit  Publishing  Company 

E.  H.  SHEPARD 
Editor  and  Publisher 
H.  C.  RiTZ,  Assistant  Editor 
H.  E.  Van  Deman,  Contributing  Editor 
State  Associate  Editors 

OREGON 

A.  B.  Cordley,  Entomologist,  Corvallis 
C.  I.  Lewis,  Horticulturist,  Corvallis 
P.  J.  O'Gara,  Pathologist  and  Entomologist, 
Medford 

WASHINGTON 

A.  L.  Melander,  Entomologist,  Pullman 
0.  M.  Morris,  Horticulturist,  Pullman 

COLORADO 

C.  P.  Gillette,  Director  and  Entomologist, 
Fort  Collins 
E.  B.  House,  Chief  of  Department  of  Civil  and 
Irrigation  Engineering,  State  Agricultural 
College,  Fort  Collins 
E.  P.  Taylor,  Horticulturist,  Grand  Junction 

IDAHO 

W.  H.  Wicks,  Horticulturist,  Moscow 
W.  S.  Thornber,  Horticulturist,  Lewiston 

UTAH 

Dr.  E.  D.  Ball,  Director  and  Entomologist, 
Logan 

Leon  D.  Batchelor,  Horticulturist.  Logan 

MONTANA 

O.  B.  Whipple,  Horticulturist,  Bozeman 

CALIFORNIA 

C.  W.  WooDWORTH,  Entomologist,  Berkeley 
W.  H.  VoLCK,  Entomologist,  Watsonville 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

R.  M.  Winslow,  Provincial  Horticulturist. 
Victoria 
SUBSCRIPTION  PRICE: 
In  the  United  States,  $1.00  per  year  in  advance 
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Advertising  Rates  on  Application 
Entered  as  second-class  matter  December  27, 
1906.  at  the  PostofTice  at  Hood  River.  Oregon, 
under  Act  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1879. 


Diversity. — A  few  days  ago  Lebanon, 
Oregon,  held  a  big  strawberry  festival, 
which  was  a  wonderful  success.  Mr. 
H.  B.  Miller,  who  has  long  been  identi- 
fied with  the  horticultural  interests  of 
Oregon,  recent  consul  at  Belfast,  Ire- 
land, and  formerly  at  Yokohama,  gave 
a  very  interesting  and  instructive  ad- 
dress. One  of  the  features  of  this  talk 
was  particularly  striking,  that  feature 
being  "Diversity."  He  called  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  most  prosperous, 
happiest,  best  educated,  most  cultured 
and  intelligent  nations  of  the  world 
were  the  nations  which  are  diversified; 
that  is,  these  nations  are  the  ones 
where  the  people  have  blonde  hair, 
black  hair,  brown  hair;  blue  eyes,  black 
eyes,  brown  eyes,  etc.,  stating  also  in 
the  same  way  the  happiest  and  most 
prosperous  sections  of  the  country 
were  those  where  there  was  a  large 
diversity  of  interests,  intensified  farm- 
ing, thickly  settled  communities.  In 
such  were  to  be  found  always  good 
roads,  good  schools,  lighting  systems, 
telephones  and  all  of  the  other  conven- 
iences which  go  to  make  life  in  the 
country  one  of  pleasure  and  interest 
instead  of  one  of  monotony  and  drudg- 
ery. The  average  fruit  grower,  par- 
ticularly the  farmer,  is  inclined  to  de- 
vote all  of  his  time,  attention,  thought 
and  conversation  to  the  particular  pro- 
ducts which  he  produces,  the  growing 
of  his  crops,  the  care,  culture,  market- 
ing and  the  prices.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that,   generally   speaking,   his  whole 


attention  is  absorbed  with  these  sub- 
jects, to  the  neglect  of  his  household, 
his  family  and  frequently  his  own  com- 
fort as  well  as  the  comfort  of  his 
family.  It  is  high  time  that  the  fruit 
growers  and  farmers  should  begin  to 
realize  the  importance  of  making  the 
home  life  in  the  country  attractive  and 
doing  something  to  lessen  the  drudgery 
of  their  wives  and  children  in  their 
work.  Every  fruit  grower  and  every 
farmer  should  have  running  water  in 
the  house,  the  yards  should  be  made 
attractive  with  flowers  and  grass,  he 
should  have  a  good  vegetable  garden, 
a  flock  of  poultry,  proper  telephone 
connections  and,  where  there  is  elec- 
tricity, rates  should  be  secured  that 
would  enable  the  farmer  to  light  his 
home  with  electricity  the  same  as  city 
people  do.  If  we  fruit  growers  and 
farmers  will  do  some  of  these  things 
we  will  find  that  our  income  is  larger, 
our  home  life  happier  and  the  children 
will  be  inclined  to  stay  on  the  farm 
instead  of  seeking  employment  in  the 
city,  at  wages  at  best  frequently  only 
sufficient  for  the  most  meager  kind  of 
living. 


Canneries. — There  are  two  canneries 

in  the  Northwest  conducted  on  a  co- 
operative basis.  One  is  at  Eugene,  of 
which  Mr.  Holt  is  manager,  and  the 
other  is  at  Corvallis,  of  which  Mr. 
Tinker  is  manager.  They  are  endeav- 
oring to  solve  for  their  districts  diver- 
sity for  the  fruit  grower  and  farmer  in 
a  very  intelligent  and  scientific  manner. 
Their  first  problem  is  to  find  out  what 
can  be  successfully  grown  in  their  par- 
ticular localities  and  then  to  ascertain 
what  can  be  marketed  to  advantage,  so 
as  to  pay  a  satisfactory  profit.  On  top 
of  this  they  are  endeavoring  to  control 
the  acreage  that  is  set  to  the  different 
varieties  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  so  as 
to  figure  out  a  plan  whereby  their  can- 
neries can  be  continually  in  operation 
from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the 
season.  Apparently  there  are  few  dis- 
tricts that  realize  the  full  value  of  such 
canneries  to  the  same  extent  as  Eugene 
and  Corvallis.  These  canneries  are 
studying  thoroughly  the  manufacturing 
of  all  by-products  and  will  eventually 
succeed  in  caring  for  all  surplus  by 
canning,  evaporating  or  through  by- 
products. The  loganberry  is  an  exam- 
ple. There  was  a  good  demand  for 
loganberries  as  fresh  in  a  local  way, 
but  the  acreage  became  too  great  for 
fresh  consumption  so  far  as  trade  was 
established.  They  have  found  that  the 
loganberry  commands  a  ready  sale  as 
canned,  because  it  makes  one  of  the 
best  pies  that  is  made,  resembling  the 
wild  blackberry  pie,  which  is  unex- 
celled. In  addition  the  loganberry 
makes  excellent  juice,  which  is  free 
from  alcohol  and  is  equal  if  not  supe- 
rior to  the  finest  grape  juice.  An 
immense  trade  is  being  built  up  for 
strawberry  extract,  which  is  used  to 
flavor  strawberry  ice  cream.  The  field 
for  our  canned  fruits,  vegetables,  evap- 
orated fruits  and  the  by-products  is 
immense  and  should  command  the  ser- 
ious attention  of  every  fruit  district  in 
the  Northwest. 


Diversity    for    the    Fruitgrower. — 

Fruitgrowers  are  learning  that  occa- 
sionally we  have  light  yields  and  once 
in  a  while  a  bumper  crop,  when  prices 
are  low  and  profits  small.  Fruitgrow- 
ers are  realizing  that  such  conditions 
will  happen,  consequently  the  problem 
of  maintaining  an  even  income  must  be 
solved  in  some  other  way.  As  a  result 
many  orchardists  are  devoting  part  of 
their  land  to  producing  hay,  dairying 
and  truck  gardening,  while  others  are 
making  side  line  specialties  of  chick- 
ens, hogs  or  bees.  The  diversity  of 
fruit  crops  is  also  advisable.  Straw- 
berries are  a  crop  that  bring  good  re- 
turns; these  come  in  the  summer  time 
when  the  fruitgrower  usually  needs  a 
little  extra  money.  The  prices  ob- 
tained for  apples  and  various  other 
fruits  has  been,  generally  speaking, 
very  high  during  the  past  and  the 
fruitgrower  of  the  Northwest  as  a  rule 
has  been  more  or  less  prodigal.  While 
it  seems  strange  nevertheless  it  is  true 
that  the  fruitgrower,  who  is  really  a 
farmer  in  one  sense  of  the  word,  fre- 
quently buys  his  own  milk,  butter, 
eggs,  vegetables  and  bread  as  well. 
Not  only  does  the  fruitgrower  buy  his 
own  bread  but  the  town  that  supplies 
him  sends  away  to  some  large  city  for 
this  bread  instead  of  buying  at  the 
local  bakery  and  helping  to  support 
the  community.  Fruitgrowers  are 
realizing  the  significance  of  these  state- 
ments. It  is  to  be  hoped  and  believed 
that  the  fruitgrowers  will  adjust  them- 
selves to  this  new  condition  of  affairs. 
Every  fruitgrower  should  keep  one 
cow  or  more,  have  a  flock  of  poultry, 
raise  a  few  pigs,  produce  his  own  vege- 
tables, and  like  the  good  old-fashioned 
farmer,  endeavor  to  produce  everything 
on  the  farm  which  he  eats,  so  far  as 
possible.  Money  saved  is  just  as  valu- 
able as  money  made. 


Consumption. — The   consumption  of 

fruit  and  vegetables  in  a  city  like  Seat- 
tle, of  250,000  people,  affords  a  splendid 
opportunity  for  the  fruit  grower  and 
farmer  to  do  some  figuring  in  reference 
to  general  consumption.  There  are 
many  cities  surrounded  by  farms  that 
have  practically  all  of  the  vegetables 
shipped  in  from  the  outside.  A  little 
investigation  on  the  part  of  the  farmer 
who  lives  near  a  city,  say  of  5,000, 
should  enable  him  to  ascertain  how 
many  acres  in  the  surrounding  terri- 
tory are  planted  to  asparagus,  for  in- 
stance, and  if  he  finds  it  not  sufficient 
acreage  to  supply  the  city  he  would  be 
justified  in  setting  out  a  good  asparagus 
bed,  providing  his  soil  and  climatic 
conditions  were  suitable.  In  fact,  this 
has  been  done  by  some  fruit  growers, 
and  they  have  found  the  groceryman  in 
the  little  city  not  only  willing  but 
anxious  to  take  the  local  supply  of 
vegetables,  for  the  very  good  reason 
that  they  are  perfectly  fresh  and  give 
his  trade  much  better  satisfaction  than 
vegetables  that  had  been  picked  several 
days  before  and  shipped  long  distances, 
while  this  idea  might  be  carried  out  in 
detail  by  giving  a  number  of  illustra- 
tions, still  it  is  not  necessary,  because 
the  one  illustration  is  sufficient  and  the 


19 1 3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  23 


3,000  Stover  Gasoline 
Engines  Could  Not 

have  been  sold  in  the  Northwest 

if  the  Stover  Engine  liad  not  been  a  craekerjack  of  an 
engine.  A  few  could  have  been  sold  through  advertising, 
but  the  thing  that  sold  more  than  3,000  Stover  Engines 
throughout  the  Northwest  is  the  goodness  of  the  engine. 
Users  of  Stover  Gasoline  Engines  do  not  hesitate  to  say 
that  the  Stover  is  the  best  engine  on  the  market.  It  is 
this  opinion  in  the  minds  of  the  owners  that  boosts  the 
sale  of  this  engine.  Stover  Engines  have  been  tested  out 
in  every  service  and  have  been  found  wanting  in  none  of 
them.  They  have  strength  sufficient  to  withstand  the 
hardest  knocks  of  timber  service,  the  accuracy  of  adjust- 
ment demanded  in  an  engine  for  electric  generating,  the 
ease  or  operation  that  adapts  it  particularly  to  the  inter- 
mittant  service  of  the  farm  or  pumping.  They  meet  every 
requirement — are  simple  and  understandable.  A  single 
rod  operates  all  important  parts.  Stover  Engines  are  not 
of  the  hair  spring  type  that  are  thrown  out  of  adjustment 
at  the  slightest  opportunity;  they  are  of  the  sturdy,  stick- 
to-it  type  that  you  can  operate  as  well  and  as  economically 
as  an  expert,  and  in  case  of  an  accident  you  can  in  most 
cases  make  repairs  yourself,  same  as  you  would  to  any 
other  piece  of  machinery  about  the  place.  We  carry  a 
complete  stock  of  Stover  Engines — sizes  1  to  60  horsepower 
— and  also  a  complete  stock  of  repair  parts.  Write  us,  if 
interested,  for  our  catalog  and  circular  containing  letters 
from  users  in  all  parts  of  the  Northwest. 


Pumps 

Water 
Systems 


Portland 


Spokane 


Implement 
Vehicles 

Boise 


fruit  grower  is  intelligent  enough  to  do 
his  own  figuring,  and  by  doing  it  he 
certainly  can  find  many  products  that 
he  can  grow  on  his  own  place  from 
which  he  can  receive  a  good  revenue  in 
his  local  town. 


Soil  Conditions.  —  From  the  indis- 
criminate planting  of  orchards  through- 
out the  entire  United  States  on  all  kinds 
of  soils  and  in  all  climatic  conditions 
it  is  apparent  that  the  average  individ- 
ual thinks  the  only  thing  necessary  for 
an  orchard  is  to  buy  a  piece  of  land, 
plow  the  ground,  dig  the  holes  and 
stick  in  the  trees.  Orchardists  who 
have  been  in  the  business  some  time 
are  well  aware  of  the  fact,  and  some 
are  finding  it  out  to  their  sorrow,  that 
such  is  not  sufficient.  Fruit  growers 
generally  are  realizing  the  importance 
of  intelligently  studying  soil  conditions. 
Some  valuable  information  is  given 
elsewhere  in  this  edition  upon  this  sub- 
ject by  Professor  R.  W.  Thatcher  in  two 
articles,  entitled  "The  Rapidity  of  Rise 
of  Moisture"  and  "The  Composition  of 
Fruit  Soils." 


Varieties  of  Fruits. — Last  year  the 
fruit  grower  apparently  learned  his 
lesson  and  learned  it  pretty  well  in 
reference  to  varieties,  although  perhaps 
not  thoroughly  as  yet.  The  fruit  grower 
found  that  many  varieties  of  apples 
would  not  return  the  cost  of  packing 
and  freight.  Those  who  plant  now 
certainly  should  be  wise  enough  to 
select  varieties  that  are  adapted  to  their 


particular  section,  that  will  command 
a  satisfactory  price  sufficient  to  pay  a 
fair  profit.  He  should  graft  over  such 
varieties  as  prove  unprofitable  from 
any  cause.  In  recent  issues  of  "Retter 
Fruit"  many  statements  have  been  given 
showing  the  returns  received  by  var- 
ious associations  in  different  districts. 
These  certainly  ought  to  assist  the  fruit 
grower  in  determining  what  varieties 
of  apples  are  profitable  for  him  to  con- 
tinue raisin,s. 


Standardization. — The  fruit  growers 

of  the  Northwest  are  finally  and  sud- 
denly beginning  to  realize  the  necessity 
of  standardizing  their  fruits.  While 
there  will  be  during  the  present  year 
many  concerns  operating  in  the  North- 
west, it  is  fair  to  assume  that  the 
grading  rules  of  these  different  con- 
cerns will  be  very  much  alike  in  nearly 
all  districts,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
next  year  one  common  standard  of 
grading  rules  will  be  adopted  and  be- 
come universal,  as  far  as  boxed  apples 
are  concerned.  The  prune  growers  of 
Oregon  have  called  a  special  meeting 
for  the  purpose  of  standardizing  the 
output  of  prunes,  both  fresh  and  evap- 
orated. Every  mercantile  business  has 
to  standardize  every  article  it  handles. 
The  farmer  conducts  the  only  business 
in  which  the  output  is  not  standard- 
ized. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  sometime 
in  the  near  future  every  product  of  the 
farmer  that  is  put  up  in  packages  will 
be  standardized  both  as  to  grade  and 
quality  and  as  to  the  size  of  the  pack- 


age. When  this  is  done  the  farmer  and 
fruit  grower  will  find  that  their  product 
will  command  a  far  readier  sale  and 
have  an  established  value.  With  the 
proper  standardization  and  the  estab- 
lished value  which  follows  it  will  be 
far  easier  for  the  associations  handling 
the  output  of  the  farmers  to  negotiate 
their  bills  of  lading  and  other  securities 
in  a  way  so  as  to  enable  them  to  finance 
their  business  far  more  profitably  than 
they  have  in  the  past. 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  M.  Gilbert  of  North 
Yakima,  in  their  tour  around  the  world, 
carried  with  them  large  quantities  of 
apples  which  they  displayed  in  various 
cities  where  they  visited,  also  dis- 
posing of  them  to  the  tourists  on  the 
different  steamers  on  which  they 
traveled.  This  is  one  of  the  proper 
ways  of  advertising  our  Northwestern 
fruits  and  its  value  is  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  already  Richey  &  Gilbert  have 
received  orders  for  Yakima  apples 
from  a  dozen  or  more  foreign  coun- 
tries, including  orders  from  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  Japan,  Island  of  Ceylon, 
China  and  India. 


An  Eastern  dealer  advises  the  North- 
west to  grow  the  following  varieties  of 
apples:  Winesap,  Newtown  Pippin, 
Spitzenberg,  Rome  Reauty,  Jonathan, 
Stayman  Winesap,  Ortley,  Macintosh 
Red,  Grimes  Golden,  Winter  Banana, 
Arkansas  Rlack,  White  Winter  Pear- 
main,  Delicious,  Ben  Davis  and  Gano. 


Page  24. 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Arsenate  of  Lead  at  Wholesale  Prices 

IF  YOU  ARE  BUYIIS^G  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  IX  QUANTITY 
KINDLY  WRITE  OR  WIRE  US  FOR  OUR  PRICES 

BETTER  SPRAY  COMPANY,  Portland,  Oregon 

BETTER  SPRAY  COMPANY,  Portland,  Oregon— Gentlemen:  We  used  a  quantity  of  Better  Spray  Arsenate  of  Lead  last  season, 
and  have  nothing  but  praise  from  those  who  used  It.  We  do  not  think  we  have  ever  had  a  cleaner  crop  of  apples  here  in  Lane  County. 
J.  B.  HOYT,  Manager  Eugene  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Eugene,  Oregon. 

BETTER  SPRAY  COMPANY,  Portland,  Oregon — Gentlemen:  We  are  pleased  to  advise  you  that  we  achieved  very  satisfactory 
results  from  the  Better  Spray  Arsenate  of  Lead  which  we  used  last  season  on  our  pears  and  plums,  as  well  as  peaches,  with  the  result 
that  we  had  no  worms  at  all,  while  many  of  our  neighbors,  due  either  to  lack  of  spraying  or  using  an  inferior  article,  lost  very  large 
quantities  of  fruit  because  it  was  so  wormy.  One  cannot  do  better  than  use  your  brand  of  spraying  materials,  and  we  hope  your 
market  will  constantly  increase,  as  we  understand  it  is  just  being  introduced  in  this  Northwest  section.  Yours  truly,  THOMPSON 
FRUIT  COMPANY,  North  Yakima,  Washington. 


Estimates  of  1913  Fruit  Crop  in  the  Northwest 


THE  information  published  under 
this  head,  as  furnished  by  growers 
and  other  fruit  operators  in  the  differ- 
ent districts,  will  be  found  of  value  to 
our  many  readers.  The  condition  of 
weather  between  now  and  picking  time 
may  change  the  final  result  somewhat, 
but  preparation  for  marketing  may  be 
guided  to  a  great  degree  by  these 
figures. 

P.  S.  Darlington,  district  horticultural 
inspector  of  Chelan,  Douglas,  Okano- 
gan and  Grant  Counties,  Washington, 
on  June  10  gave  out  the  following  esti- 
mate of  the  fruit  crop  for  this  year: 

ESTIMATE  ON  APPLES 


Pet.  of 

Pet.  of 

Variety 

Variety 

Crop 

Cars 

Winesap   

26 

10.5 

1,660 

18 

70 

766 

Gano,    Black  Ben 

and 

10 

2.5 

152 

Arkansas  Blacks 

  2 

100 

122 

Rome  Beauty   

,  ,  .  8 

100 

487 

...    ,  3 

80 

146 

6 

.50 

182 

Black  Twig  

  4 

50 

121 

60 

255 

16 

45 

437 

4,328 

SUMMER 

FRUIT  ESTIMATE 

Pet.  of 

Kind  of  Fruit 

Crop 

Cars 

95 

410 

50 

139 

Apricots   

85 

116 

75 

32 

.  75 

35 

732 

This  estimate  is  for  Chelan,  Douglas,  Okano- 
gan and  Grant  Counties  and  takes  into  consid- 
eration fruit  shipped  by  express  as  well  as 
that  shipped  by  freight. 


Hood  River  experts  at  the  present 
are  rather  inclined  to  be  conservative 
about  estimates,  as  they  feel  at  the 
present  it  is  difficult  to  determine  ap- 
proximately the  yield  as  somewhat  of 
a  drop  is  taking  place  at  the  present 
time.  Growers  and  various  experts 
say  a  good  crop,  a  fair  crop  or  a  lighter 
crop  than  last  year.  While  the  general 
opinion  is  not  very  definite,  some  think 
it  may  be  more  than  last  year,  some 
about  the  same  and  some  think  there 
will  be  less.  The  crop  last  year  was 
about  1,000  cars.  Generally  odd  years 
of  the  Northwest  have  always  been 
light  crops.  It  is  fair  to  assume  that 
the  year  1913  will  be,  generally  speak- 
ing, a  light  crop.  While  there  is  con- 
siderable young  orchard  coming  into 


bearing  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
quantity  on  young  trees  is  never  very 
great  and  the  increase  is  always  slow 
until  they  reach  full-bearing  age.  Frost 
affected  some  fruit  sections  of  the 
Northwest,  shortening  the  crops  very 
materially.  During  the  blossoming 
period  cold  weather  and  rain  prevailed, 
which  apparently  seems  to  have  inter- 
fered with  pollenization.  In  the 
middle  of  June,  in  some  districts,  quite 
an  extensive  drop  was  occurring. 
Many  apples,  and  even  full  clusters, 
were  dropping  off,  the  stems  of  apples 
turning  yellow.    In  general  it  may  be 


St.  Helens  Hall 

Portland,  Oregon 
Resident  and  Day  School  for  Girls 

In  charge  of  Sisters  of  St. John  Baptist  (Episcopal) 
Collegiate,  Academic  and  Elementary  Departments, 
Music,  Art,  Elocution,  Domestic  Art,  Domestic  Science, 
Gymnasium.      For  catalog  address— 

THE  SISTER  SUPERIOR,  Office  31 
St.  Helens  Hall 

Mount  Tamalpais 
Military  Academy 

SAN  RAFAEL,  CALIFORNIA 

16  Miles  North  of  San  Francisco 

Sheltered  from  wind  and  fog  by  Mount 
Tamalpais  and  its  foothills,  the  climate  is 
nearly  perfect. 

The  twenty-fourth  year  begins  August  19. 
Accredited  by  the  State  University  and 
Stanford. 

Dr.  Crosby,  the  Head-Master,  expects  to 
visit  some  of  the  principal  fruit  sections  this 
summer  and  announcements  of  dates  will  be 
made  in  the  local  papers.  He  will  be  glad  to 
meet  parents  interested. 

For  catalogue,  address 

ARTHUR  CROSBY,  D.D.,  SAN  RAFAEL,  CALIFORNIA 


said  in  conclusion  in  reference  to  the 
Northwest  crop  that  after  the  June 
drop  is  through  that  probably  all  the 
early  estimates  will  have  to  be  read- 
justed. Various  reports  from  Eastern 
States  state  the  crop  will  twenty-five 
per  cent,  some  fifty  per  cent  less  than 
last  year.  Some  Easterners  have  esti- 
mated the  entire  apple  crop  of  the 
United  States  thirty  per  cent  less  than 


PORTLAND  ACADEMY 

PORTLAND,  OREGON 

25thYearOpeiisSeptemberl5,1913 

Fits  boys  and  girls  for  Eastern  and  West- 
ern colleges.  Well  equipped  laboratories  in 
chemistry  and  physics.  A  gymnasium  in 
charge  of  a  skilled  director.  Field  and  track 
athletics. 

A  primary  and  grammar  school  included. 
Receives  boys  and  girls  as  young  as  six.  The 
work  of  the  grades  in  seven  years.  Emphasis 
on  essentials.  Physical  training  and  free  play 
in  gymnasium  and  on  playground. 

All  departments  in  charge  of  thoroughly 
qualified  and  experienced  teachers.  Catalogue 
on  application. 


Gillespie  School  of  Expression 

VOCAL.  PHYSICAL  ANB  ESTHETIC  CULTURE 
LITERATURE,  WITH  ANALYSIS  AND  INTERPRETIVE  RENDERING 

RHETORIC,  ORATORY  AND  DRAMATIC  ART 
A  STUDENTS'  CLUB  FOR  DRILL  IN  EXTEMPORANEOUS  SPEAKING, 
DEBATE  AND  PARLIAMENTARY  LAW 


CONTINUOUS  EORFNOON  CLASSES 
INDIVIDUAL  WORK  AFTERNOONS  AND  EVENINGS 
A  PUBLIC  CLASS  EVERY  MONDAY  EVENING 


FALL  TERM  OPENS  OCTOBER  14,  1913 


EMMA  WILSON  GILLISPIE,  Principal 

534  Morrison  Street  Phone  Main  5034  PORTLAND,  OREGON 


TKeCampaiulS 


Mills  College 


Sabarbs  of  Oakland,  CaUfornia. 

The  only  Woman's  CoUefe  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  Chartered  1885. 
Ideal  climate.  Entrance  and  grad- 
uation requirements  equivalent  to 
those  of  Stanford  University  and 
University  of  California,  nearby. 
Laboratories  for  science  with  mod- 
ern equipment.  Excellent  oppor- 
tunities for  home  economics,  library 
study,  music,  art.  Modern  gym- 
nasium. Special  care  for  health  of 
students;  out-door  life.  Christian 
influences;  undenominational. 

President  Luella  Clay  Carson, 
A.  M.,  LL.  D.  For  catalogue  ad- 
dress Rei;istrar, 

Mills  College  P.  O..  Calif. 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  2j 


How  GooD^AR  Carriage  Tires 
pHave  Swept  Into  Popularity-] 

^                            The  Goodyear  Wing"  Tire 

JiffXmmmii   r===i           Notethispatented"Win8'."  Howitpresses 

ajlm^!Sm^^-^:::::z:^:^^^^z:^;^S^^^^^3         agrainst  the  channel,  thus  preventing: ;ir^  »/ 
^^\j«fej«««Sa^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^         or  water  from  gretting  in  and  quickly  rusting: 
Wm'Smfnv^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^         the  rim  and  destroying  the  tire  base.  TV/Zstiie 
J!l$iimm!l//rin^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^     remains  sound,  won't  creep  or  g:et  loose.  Gives 
^^^^JJjwjoC  yS55^^^^^^^^^^^^^     J     utmost  wear  and  will  protect  your  carriage 
!5jjWM^5S^^^^^^^w|^_^^^^^^      and  greatly  lengthen  its  life.  Being  of /o/(^A, 
|^^SMMtti|i^J^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^                 rubber,  it  is  exceptionally  easy-riding. 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "Wing"  Our  "Eccentric"  Cushion  Tire 

Tire         especially  de-  ^«5ssss^=='^^\ 

No  more  carriages  were  sold  in  19U-12  than  t'Sh''i"*,.t "^fs^^rnn'   -\ 

in  the  previous  season.    Yet  the  sales  of  abouts  etc.  Note"  ^^=^ 
Goodyear    Wmg"  Carriage  Tires  increased   the  wire  hole  is     P»V  -s^^^^B 

33  percent  in  that  Same  period.  That  means   6f tow  the  center.  J  \   

our  sales  of  the  preceding  two  years  were   This  Increases  the  ^  aW^^^^Bm 
practically  doubled.  And  for  1912-13  we  have   Xh^^ixl  one  half                 -'  J^^^^S' 
estimated  a  still  further  increase.                    Saves  you  that    ^^j&i.  .^i^^^^^^^s 

Of  the  200  carriage  makers  in  the  U.  S.,  148   much  money.  >^^fi&f^^^<^^riij^[]|__^ 

now  equip  their  carriages  with  Goodyear   Stays  firm  in  the  ^iSiviNaNSS,  

"Wing"  Tires— almost  75 per  cent.                  channel.  The   "Eccentric"  Cusliion  Tire 

Goodyear  "Wing"  Tires  have  become  the   ^if,„«£fe?-„'lld  makes  this  tire  remarkably  easy- 
most  popular  carriage  tires  in  existence.          riding.  Always  gives  satisfaction. 

All  because  thousands  of  carnage  owners   Mr            P-_t_|  More  carriage  dealers  sell 
nave  used  and.  tested  them  for  14  years  and    TTrilC  a  AvSLal  Goodyear  Carriage  Tires 
learned  their  superiority.                                than  any  other  kind.    Send  us  your  name  on  a 

TheGoodyear  "  Wing:"Tire  bringfs  the  same   postal  and  we  will  give  >;ou  the  name  of  the  dealer 
big  saving  to  carriage  owners  that  the  Good-   !fire°  Borc^a^Vg' a'l  foWtsl^ing^""^ 
year  N  o-Rim-Cut  Tire  brings  owners  of  _..    _     .              „  „  , ,     _      , ,  . 
automobiles.  Stop  and  consider  these  facts    Ine  Ooodyear  1  ire  &  Rubber  Co. ,  Akron,  Ohio 
before  you  buy  rubber  tires  for  your  carriage.        Brandies  and  Agencies  in  103  Principal  Cities 

EFFICIENCY 

An  organization  along  broad  and 
liberal  lines  for  a  nation-wide  safe 
and  sane  distribution  of  tree  fruits. 
Our  services  are  available  through 
our  associate  members  to  any  and 
all  shippers  of  fruits. 

California  Fruit  Distributors 

CHAS.  E.  VIRDEN,  General  Manager 
Sacramento,  California 


last  year,  while  others  state  there  will 
not  be  over  fifty  per  cent  of  a  normal 
crop  and  that  last  year's  crop  was 
above  normal,  being  one  hundred  and 
ten  per  cent  of  a  crop.  In  New  York 
and  New  England  it  is  a  light  year  for 
Baldwins,  and  therefore  in  all  proba- 
bility the  entire  crop  of  this  section 
will  be  materially  less  than  last  year. 

*  *  * 

Yakima  Valley:  Yakima  Valley  fruit 
crop  will  be  handled  by  a  number  of 
different  concerns  this  year.  The 
Yakima  Valley  District  Association, 
composed  of  twenty-three  sub-centrals 
located  in  different  fruit  sections,  will 
handle  its  output  through  the  North 
Pacific  Fruit  Distributors.  The  Yakima 
County  Horticultural  Union,  the  oldest 
association  in  the  valley,  will  handle 
a  good-sized  tonnage  this  year.  The 
Yakima  Valley  Fruitgrowers'  Ex- 
change has  recently  been  incorporated 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000  and  will 
handle  its  output  through  the  North- 
west Fruit  Exchange.  Among  the  inde- 
pendent firms  that  will  be  factors  in 
handling  the  Yakima  Valley  crop  this 
year  should  be  named  Richey  &  Gilbert, 
The  Thompson  Fruit  Company,  The 
Yakima  Produce  Company,  The  J.  M. 
Perry  Company,  Hays  Fruit  Company 
and  Lynch  &  Taylor.  Yakima  Valley 
Fruitgrowers'  Exchange  has  elected 
the  following  trustees:  Albert  S.  Cong- 
don,  chairman;  A.  W.  Speyers,  secre- 
tary; A.  P.  Reed,  N.  E.  Culbertson  and 
C.  E.  Saunderson. 

*  *  * 

Wentchee  Valley:  The  Wenatchee 
Valley  output  will  probably  be  handled 
by  several  different  concerns.  The 
Wenatchee  Valley  Fruitgrowers'  Asso- 
ciation— the  old  association — has  re- 
elected Mr.  W.  T.  Clark  as  president, 
and  their  ouptput  will  be  handled  on 
the  "Clark"  plan,  which  was  originated 
by  Mr.  Clark  and  put  into  practice  for 
the  first  time  during  the  season  of  1912. 
The  Wenatchee  Valley  Fruitgrowers' 
Exchange  has  recently  been  incorpo- 
rated with  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000. 
Its  output  will  be  handled  by  the 
Northwest  Fruit  Exchange.  The  We- 
natchee Valley  Produce  Company,  of 
which  Conrad  Rose  is  president,  which 
has  always  handled  a  large  proportion 
of  business,  will  probably  be  operated 
in  the  same  manner  as  last  year,  or  it 
may  be  made  into  a  mutual  association 
with  Conrad  Rose  as  manager. 

*  *  * 

Yakima  Valley  crop:  Mr.  Fred 
Thompson  of  North  Yakima,  who  has 
always  been  very  reliable  in  estimates, 
on  May  23  estimated  the  crop  of  Yaki- 
ma Valley  as  follows:  2,900  carloads 
of  apples,  1,600  carloads  peaches,  125 
carloads  of  prunes  and  plums,  50  car- 
loads of  grapes  and  20  carloads  of 
cherries. 

Grand  Ronde  Valley,  Oregon:  Re- 
ports of  this  district  indicate  the  apple 
crop  will  be  thirty-three  and  one-third 
per  cent  of  last  year.  Other  fruits  will 
turn  out  splendidly,  the  yield  being 
practically  a  full  crop. 


The  Wenatchee  Fruit  Alliance,  an  or- 
ganization composed  of  the  growers  of 
small  fruits,  cherries,  peaches,  plums, 
etc.,  have  made  arrangements,  so  we 
are  informed,  to  handle  the  output 
through  the  Randolph  Fruit  Company. 
The  pack  will  be  improved  in  every 
way  possible,  properly  graded  and 
standardized.  Satisfactory  arrange- 
ments have  been  made  for  financing 
the  crop  in  the  way  of  sufficient 
advances. 

The  Wenatchee  Fruit  Alliance  esti- 
mate they  will  handle  400  cars  or  more 
of  early  soft  fruits,  including  peaches, 
apricots,  pears,  cherries  and  small 
fruits. 


The  Apple  bloom:  In  1913  the  apple 
bloom  was  very  profuse  throughout  the 
Northwest,  indicating  at  that  time  a 
very  heavy  yield.  Immediately  follow- 
ing the  drop  of  the  bloom  there  was 
quite  an  extensive  shedding  in  many 
districts,  which  occurred  in  the  month 
of  May.  About  the  first  of  June  the 
drop  began  to  occur,  which  was  quite 
extensive  and  heavy  in  many  districts, 

and  particular  on  some  varieties. 
*    *  * 

The  prune  industry  is  very  extensive 
throughout  the  Willamette  Valley,  with 
a  very  large  acreage  around  Eugene. 
The  Salem  Fruit  Union  will  control 
about  2,500,000  pounds  and  Mr.  H.  S. 
Gile  about  2,000,000  pounds. 


Page  26 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


The  Woods  Fruit  Grader 


Requires  but  14  feet  square  of  floor  space  to  operate. 
This  machine  is  a  real  labor  saver  and  is  devoid 
of  complications.     Can  be  moved  any  place 
in  a  few  minutes.    It  does  the  work. 

Write  for  prices  and  booklet. 

Woods  Fruit  Grading  Machine  Co. 

20th  and  Washington  Avenue,  OGDEN,  UTAH 


LOW  FARE  ROUND  TRIP  IB 


FROM  ALL 


O.-W.  R.  &  N.  STATIONS 


TO 


Principal  Cities  in  the  East 


VIA 


Tickets  on  Sale  Daily 
Until  September  30 


Final  Return  Limit 
October  31, 1913 


The  Trip  That  Makes  You  Glad 


Chicago  $  72.50 

New  York   108.50 

Philadelphia   108.50 

St.  Paul    60.00 


Denver   $  55.00 

Omaha   60.00 

Boston    IIO.OO 

Minneapolis    60.00 


Equally  Low  Round  Trip  Fares  to  practically  all  other  points  East 
Let  us  help  outline  your  trip 

PASSENGER  DEPARTMENT 
704  Wells  Fargo  Building 
Portland,  Oregon 


The  Rogue  River  fruit  crop  will  be 
handled  by  the  Rogue  River  Valley 
Fruitgrowers'  Association,  consisting 
of  a  membership  of  between  400  and 
500  growers.  This  is  the  old  associa- 
tion in  the  valley.  Its  output  will  be 
handled  through  the  Northwest  Fruit 
Exchange.  A  new  association  has  been 
formed  this  year  called  the  Rogue 
River  Co-operative  Fruitgrowers'  Asso- 
ciation. Mr.  J.  A.  Peri-y  is  president. 
The  Producer  Friiit  Company  will  also 
operate  in  the  Rogue  River  Valley  dur- 
ing the  coming  season. 

Wenatchee  fruitgrowers,  after  some 
deliberation,  have  so  far  decided  not 
to  affiliate  with  the  North  Pacific  Fruit 
Distributors,  but  will  market  their  crop 
through  the  institutions  which  handled 
their  crops  last  year,  of  which  there 
are  several,  Wenatchee  Fruitgrowers' 
Association,  The  Wenatchee  Produce 
Company  and  the  Wenatchee  Valley 
Fruitgrowers'  Exchange,  which  will  be 
marketed  through  the  Northwestern 
Fruit  Exchange. 

California  crop:  Eldorado  County 
reports  a  full  crop  of  pears,  but  only 
fifty  per  cent  of  last  year's  peach  crop. 
Prunes  and  plums  a  normal  yield. 
Watsonville  is  reported  as  having  con- 
siderable frost  damage  to  apples  and 
the  crop  is  estimated  to  be  consider- 
ably less  than  last  year.  Rutte  County 
will  only  have  about  one-half  a  prune 
crop.  Around  Napa  there  will  be  a 
large  crop  of  plums,  although  peaches 
are  light. 

The  Milton  (Oregon)  Fruitgrowers' 
Union  and  the  Walla  W^alla  (Washing- 
ton) Valley  Association  have  negoti- 
ated a  deal  disposing  of  their  entire 
crop  of  Royal  Ann  cherries.  The 
cherries  will  be  processed,  packed  in 
large  barrels  and  eventually  put  up  in 
glass  bottles  as  maraschino  cherries. 

Walla  W^alla  and  Dayton,  Washing- 
ton, and  Milton  and  Freewater,  Ore- 
gon: From  various  growers  and  other 
sources  in  these  districts  it  is  reported 
the  apple  crop  will  be  forty  to  fifty  per 
cent  compared  with  last  year's  crop. 

Rogue  River  Valley  estimate:  Esti- 
mates in  Rogue  River  Valley  on  May 
30  of  this  year's  crop  were  550  cars  of 
apples,  400  cars  of  pears,  other  fruit 
100  cars. 

*  *  * 

Mr.  Henry  Crawford  has  again  been 
elected  manager  of  the  Salem  Union, 
which  is  composed  of  a  membership  of 
over  400  growers. 

*  *  * 

Colorado  estimates  a  much  smaller 
yield  than  last  year. 


Editor  Better  Fruit: 

I  have  taken  several  fruit  growers'  papers 
and  horticultural  magazines  and  I  find  "Better 
Fruit"  the  best.  Of  course  your  location  in 
the  far  West  presents  problems  different  from 
the  far  East,  but  I  have  gotten  from  "Better 
Fruit"  many  suggestions  of  utility  on  a  New 
Hampshire  farm.  Yours  truly,  Chris  E.  Hill, 
Temi^le,  New  Hami^shire. 


WHEN    WRITING  ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Pa^c  27 


Choice  Varieties — Peculiar  Condition  of  Soil  and  Climate 

F.  A.  Huniley,  Washington  State  Horticultural  Commissioner,  at  Spokane  Conference,  1912 


WE  have  in  this  state  a  great 
variety  of  conditions.  Every 
locality  has  its  peculiar  condi- 
tions of  soil  and  climate.  In  the 
climatic  conditions  we  have  heat  in 
varied  amounts.  In  some  localities  we 
have  heavy  soils,  in  others  light  soils. 
We  have  irrigation  and  lands  without 
irrigation.  And  we  have  perhaps  about 
as  varied  a  condition  as  could  be  found 
anywhere  on  earth  within  the  boun- 
daries of  this  state.  It  would  be  very 
difficult  indeed  to  select  or  name  the 
varieties  suitable  for  any  considerable 
portion  of  this  large  and  varied  area. 
We  have  about  fifty  varieties  of  apples 
in  this  state  entering  into  the  commer- 
cial traflic.  We  should  probably  have 
not  over  twenty  varieties.  Each  lo- 
cality should  perhaps  not  have  over  a 
half  dozen  varieties  of  winter  apples, 
and  in  some  localities  I  am  sure  the 
number  should  be  cut  down  consider- 
ably below  that,  to  two  or  three  varie- 
ties. The  reason  so  many  varieties 
have  been  gotten  hold  of  in  this  country 
in  the  first  place  is  through  lack  of 
knowledge  of  varieties  and  conditions. 
In  the  second  place,  there  comes  in  the 
element  of  personal  preference.  People 
going  into  the  orchard  business  have 
been  acquainted  with  certain  varieties, 
that  have  appealed  to  them,  appealed 
to  their  taste  in  other  localities.  They 
have  introduced  those  varieties  without 
considering  their  adaptability  to  the 
particular  sections  in  which  they  were 
interested.  In  that  way  we  have  in  the 
neighborhood  of  two  hundred  varieties 
of  apples  growing  in  this  state  and 
about,  as  I  said,  fifty  varieties  entering 
into  the  commercial  traffic  of  the  win- 
ter varieties  and  perhaps  ten  commer- 
cial varieties  of  the  summer  variety 
entering  into  commercial  traffic.  It  is 
quite  a  conglomeration. 

Now  we  propose  to  sift  out  and  get 
down  to  the  choice  of  the  very  best 
varieties  adapted  to  each  locality. 
About  a  year  ago  the  Western  Washing- 
ton Horticultural  Association  requested 
me  to  appoint  a  committee  of  five  to 
study  varieties  suitable  for  Western 
Washington  and  explain  and  analyze 
the  conditions  and  the  qualities  and 
everything  that  enters  into  making  an 
apple  a  commercial  and  a  domestic 
variety.  The  reports  of  each  member 
of  this  committee  will  be  submitted  to 
all  the  other  members  of  the  committee 
for  investigation  and  comment.  Right 
on  the  heels  of  that  Professor  Morris 
had  undertaken  a  work  of  similar 
nature  over  the  state,  and  we  are  now 
co-operating,  we  hope  jointly,!  my  de- 
partment and  the  state  college,  to  pre- 
pare a  list  that  will  be  comprehensive 
and  valuable  to  all  apple  growers  in 
the  state.  That  report  will  be  out  some 
time  during  the  winter,  and  I  don't 
know  that  I  should  go  into  very  much 
detail  in  regard  to  varieties,  but  await 
the  outcome  of  that  report.  I  think  it 
will  be  valuable  because  it  is  going  to 
embody  not  only  the  work  of  the  state 


college  and  the  inspectors,  but  some  of 
the  leading  fruitgrowers  of  the  state  as 
well,  and  we  are  going  to  analyze  this 
thing  until  we  get  down  to  something 
like  a  substantial  basis.  In  the  irri- 
gated districts,  Wenatchee  and  Yakima 
and  the  valley  along  the  Columbia 
River,  we  find  they  have  conditions  for 
growing  a  greater  number  of  varieties 
to  a  high  state  of  perfection  than  you 
can  where  they  have  only  special  con- 
ditions. Under  the  system  of  irriga- 
tion and  the  choice  of  light  and  heavy 
soils  it  is  possible  to  grow  more  varie- 
ties than  where  you  have  to  depend 
altogether,  or  most  altogether,  upon 
natural  conditions.  But  in  spite  of  that 
fact  I  doubt  very  much  if  there  are 
more  than  half  a  dozen  varieties  of 
apples  best  suited  to  any  one  of  these 
localities  at  the  present  time.  And  an- 
other significant  fact,  practically  all 
our  standard  varieties  of  apples  are  old 
varieties.  We  have  very  few  excep- 
tions. We  have  made  very  much  prog- 
ress in  the  matter  of  varieties,  but  I 
look  forward  to  the  time  when  the 
varieties  best  suited  to  every  particu- 
lar locality  will  be  produced  or  graded 
in  that  locality.  But  that  time  is  quite 
remote.  We  cannot  expect  to  reach 
that  very  soon,  perhaps  not  in  this 
generation. 

In  the  Wenatchee  country  and  in  the 
Yakima  country  and  sections  similar  we 
find  that  the  best  commercial  varieties 
are:  I  will  put  the  Winesap  first; 
then  we  come  along  on  the  heavier 
soils  and  we  have  the  yellow  Newtown, 
perhaps  second;  we  have  the  Spitzen- 
berg  and  we  have  the  Grimes.  The 
Grimes,  to  get  size,  requires  a  little 
heavier  and  richer  soil  than  most  lo- 
calities afford.  Now  the  Winesap  can- 
not be  grown  throughout  the  entire 
state.  It  can  be  grown  in  these  warmer 
sections  and  grown  to  perfection,  but 
the  Winesap  in  the  Palouse  country  is 
not  at  all  adapted  from  the  standpoint 
of  a  commercial  variety.  The  varieties 
best  adapted  are  limited,  as  I  said,  in 
sections  like  the  Palouse  country  and 
further  south,  where  you  can  grow  a 
Wagener  whose  superior  cannot  be 
found  in  any  variety.  It  is  also  adapted 
to  Western  Washington  conditions. 
To  my  taste  there  isn't  a  better  apple 
grown  than  the  Wagener.  The  Rome 
Beauty  is  a  very  excellent  apple  here 
and  is  grown  with  excellent  success, 
but  is  not  grown  west  of  the  moun- 
tains with  the  same  degree  of  success. 


not  enough  perhaps  to  enter  it  as  a 
commercial  variety,  that  is,  to  recom- 
mend it  as  a  commercial  variety. 

I  am  tempted  to  say  something  about 
the  extent  of  the  apple  industry  in  this 
state.  I  shall  not  take  very  much  of 
your  time,  but  as  near  as  I  can  figure 
on  a  general  estimate  we  have  as  a 
crop  this  year  seven  and  a  half  million 
boxes  of  apples,  making  about  eleven 
thousand  carloads  in  the  State  of 
Washington,  grown  this  year.  Our  in- 
spection service  completed  last  year  a 
tree  census.  We  had  approximately 
ten  and  a  half  millions  of  apple  trees 
in  the  State  of  Washington,  and  that 
number  has  not  been  very  much  aug- 
mented this  year.  There  has  not  been 
as  much  orchard  planted;  it  has  just 
about  held  its  own.  The  inspectors 
throughout  the  state  are  now  working 
on  these  figures  and  some  time  in  Jan- 
uary we  will  get  a  full  report,  and  that 
report  will  be  about  as  reliable  as  it  is 
possible  to  make  a  report  of  that 
character. 

A  great  many  people  are  fearful  that 
we  are  going  to  have  an  overproduc- 
tion. If  we  were  to  continue  isolated, 
if  we  were  to  continue  to  suffer  incon- 
veniences of  long-distance  shipments 
and  narrow  markets,  I  think  we  might 
well  fear  this  overproduction.  But 
under  the  present  circumstances  I  do 
not  believe  that  we  should  ever  fear 
overproduction  in  this  Northwest.  Not 
all  of  the  lands  in  this  state  are  adapted 
to  apple  growing.  I  figure  that  our 
maximum  output  of  apples  will  prob- 
ably reach  over  twenty  millions  of 
boxes  eventually.  That  is  a  matter  we 
do  not  need  to  worry  about  at  present 
because  the  supply  and  the  demand  is 
going  to  regulate  the  planting  of 
orchards.  People  are  now  looking  to 
something  else  and  I  do  not  look  for  an 
overproduction.  We  are  also  getting 
into  the  manufacture  of  by-products. 
This  year  a  considerable  advance  has 
been  gained  all  over  the  state  in  the 
manufacture  of  by-product  fruit,  espe- 
cially apples,  and  in  the  evaporation 
and  canning  of  apples  and  other  fruits, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  vinegar. 


\^o-r|'i-prl  Experienced  fruit  man  to 
TT  aiLLC:!!  take  charge  young  apple 
orchard,  located  seven  miles  from  Bill- 
ings, Montana.  Forty  acres  bearing  this 
year.  Plant  forty  acres  more  next  spring. 
Want  willing  worker.  Must  be  man  who 
thoroughly  understands  orchards.  Write, 
giving  experience,  reference,  salary  de- 
sired, married  or  single.  Address  J.  J. 
MURDOCK,  1493  Broadway,  New  York. 


We  Can  Save  You  Money 

on  tents,  awnings,  wagon  covers,  porch  curtains, 
camp  outfits,  horse  covers  and  tarpaulins.  We 
make  anything'  in  canvas.  Very  best  canvas  used. 
No  weak  points.  We  sell  direct  from  the  factory  in 
Portland,  thus  saving  you  the  middleman's  profits. 
Write  for  prices,  telling'  us  your  wants.  Address, 

Portland  Tent  and  Awning  Co. 

16   NORTH    FRONT  ST.,   PORTLAND,  OREGON 


Page  28 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


cider,  jellies  and  jams.  I  do  not  appre- 
hend any  overproduction.  This  year, 
for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  this 
state,  have  we  shipped  a  considerable 
number  of  apples  into  South  American 
ports.  Larger  shipments  than  ever 
before  have  gone  to  Asia  and  Australia. 


ANEW  bulletin  has  recently  been 
published  by  the  University  of 
California,  Berkeley,  California.  It  is 
known  as  Bulletin  No.  231,  "Walnut 
Culture  in  California  and  Walnut 
Blight,"  by  Ralph  E.  Smith,  Clayton  O. 
Smith  and  Henry  J.  Ramsay.  This  is 
the  most  complete  treatise  that  has  ever 
been  printed  on  the  English  walnut, 
containing  in  all  399  pages.  The  bul- 
letin is  most  excellently  illustrated.  It 
opens  with  a  general  discussion  of  the 
English  walnut,  but  soon  takes  up  a 
description  of  other  species,  such  as 
American  black,  California  black  and 
the  hybrid  walnuts  which  abound 
throughout  California.  One  of  the  most 
valuable  parts  of  the  bulletin  is  the 
history  of  walnut  culture  in  California. 
The  bulletin  as  a  whole  deals  with 
California  conditions,  but  since  Califor- 
nia produces  most  of  our  English  wal- 
nuts it  is  through  a  history  of  the  cul- 
ture in  California  that  we  gather  many 
facts  of  great  interest  to  us  here  in  the 
Pacific  Northwest.  Following  the  his- 
tory and  development  of  the  walnut 
culture  in  California,  the  bulletin  de- 
votes considerable  space  to  such  sub- 
jects as  the  location  of  the  orchard,  dis- 
tance of  planting,  tillage,  irrigation, 
fertilization,  pruning  and  similar  topics. 
One  chapter  of  the  bulletin  which  will 
greatly  interest  Northern  growers  is 
that  entitled  "Crop  Handling."  This  is 
the  best  writeup  we  have  seen  on  this 
subject,  going  into  detail  on  the  pick- 
ing, washing  and  packing-house  opera- 
tions, such  as  sampling,  bleaching, 
grading,  selling,  etc.  Another  very 
strong  chapter  in  the  bulletin  is  that  on 
propagation.  Fifty  pages  are  devoted 
to  this  subject  alone.  The  various 
methods  of  grafting  and  budding, 
sprouting,  etc.,  are  thoroughly  illus- 
strated  and  carefully  explained.  A 
large  number  of  varieties  are  described. 
The  descriptions  are  very  thorough  and 
complete.  Not  only  is  the  nut  described, 
including  such  features  as  the  size, 
form,  surface,  color,  uniformity,  crack- 
ing quality,  pellicle,  meat  and  flavor, 
but  such  characteristics  of  the  tree  as 
the  foliation  period,  type  of  growth, 
foliage,  harvest  season,  precocity,  pro- 
duction of  older  trees,  susceptibility  to 
blight  and  other  troubles  are  all  treated 
fully.  This  phase  of  the  bulletin  is  a 
very  valuable  contribution  to  a  sys- 
tematic study  of  our  varieties  of  wal- 
nuts. A  table  is  given  in  the  bulletin 
relating  to  market  values  of  nuts  as 
based  by  expert  walnut  buyers.  This 
takes  up  the  weight,  volume,  dimen- 
sions, number  of  nuts  per  pound,  per 
cent  of  meat  and  specific  gravity.  These 
characteristics  of  commercial  walnuts 
are  thoroughly  discussed  in  the  bul- 


Our  markets  are  broadening.  This  year 
we  had  a  maximum  crop.  It  is  not 
likely  that  our  average  crop  in  the 
future,  for  a  number  of  years  to  come, 
will  exceed  the  crop  of  this  year.  I 
look  to  see  it  less  next  year. 

Continued  in  next  issue 


letin.  The  bulletin  concludes  with  a 
discussion  of  diseases  and  insects  at- 
tacking the  walnut.  This  phase  of  the 
bulletin  will  be  especially  valuable,  as 
it  contains  a  very  complete  writeup  on 
the  walnut  blight  known  as  bacteriosus. 
Other  problems,  such  as  die-back, 
sunburn,  crown  gall,  root  knot,  wilt, 
yellows,  shriveled  meat,  and  insect 
troubles,  such  as  aphis,  blister  mite  and 
red  spider,  are  thoroughly  treated. 
The  bulletin  was  written  more  espe- 
cially for  Pacific  Coast  conditions^  and 
is  evidently  the  result  of  careful  ob- 
servations and  studies  of  the  authors 
extending  over  a  period  of  a  number 
of  years. 

A  second  walnut  bulletin,  which  will 
be  of  great  interest  and  value  to  us,  has 
just  been  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant 
Industry,  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture.  It  is  known  as  Bulletin 
No.  254,  entitled  "The  Persian  Walnut 
Industry  of  the  United  States,"  by  E.  R. 
Lake.  Professor  Lake  was  for  years 
connected  with  the  horticultural  and 
botanical  work  in  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington. This  bulletin  is  printed  as  the 
result  of  very  careful  observations  on 
the  part  of  Professor  Lake.  He  has 
treated  the  subject  of  walnut  growing 
more  from  a  national  point  of  view 
than  one  pertaining  to  any  distinct  re- 
gion. The  bulletin  is  written  with  the 
hope  of  showing  readers  how  it  would 
be  possible  to  extend  the  area  of  suc- 
cessful cultivation  of  the  walnut  and 
also  to  discourage  persons  from  plant- 
ing trees  in  localities  that  are  not  suited 
to  their  culture.  For  while  the  con- 
sumption and  price  of  walnuts  in  the 
United  States  have  greatly  increased 
during  the  past  ten  years,  the  output  of 
the  home-grown  product  has  been  prac- 
tically at  a  standstill  in  spite  of  the 
fact  that  extensive  plantings  have  been 
made.  The  bulletin  opens  with  an  in- 
troduction which  treats  largely  of  the 
history  of  the  walnut  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  This  is  followed  by  a  description 
of  the  English  walnut  tree.  A  few 
pages  are  devoted  to  the  use  of  the  wal- 
nut for  food  purposes,  for  oil,  for 
pickles.  Distribution  and  areas  of  cul- 
ture are  treated  from  a  world-wide 
point  of  view  and  the  range  of  culture, 
as  far  as  this  country  is  concerned,  is 
treated  state  by  state.  Climatic  tables 
have  been  prepared  which  give  data  of 
value  to  those  contemplating  walnut 
growing.  Various  regions,  such  as 
California,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York,  are  compared  with  Grenoble, 
France.  Table  I  will  be  of  great  inter- 
est to  Oregon  growers,  since  in  many 
features  Oregon  compares  with  Gren- 
oble very  closely;  and  when  it  is  borne 
in  mind  that  Grenoble  is  the  greatest 


center  of  walnut  production  in  the 
world  this  table  becomes  specially  in- 
teresting. In  such  points  as  altitude, 
temperature  and  precipitation  the  fig- 
ures for  Oregon  and  Grenoble  are  al- 
most identical.  The  bulletin  next  takes 
up  the  soil  requirements  and  the  loca- 
tion and  site  of  walnut  plantations. 
Varieties  and  types  of  walnuts  are 
treated  very  fully.  In  speaking  of 
propagation,  the  writer  begins  with  the 
early  authorities  on  this  subject,  quot- 
ing freely  such  well-known  authorities 
as  Thomas  Andrew  Knight.  Various 
stocks  to  use,  nursery,  tillage,  scions, 
tools  used  in  grafting  and  methods  of 
grafting  and  budding  are  fully  treated 
and  illustrated.  Some  attention  is 
given  to  a  number  of  diseases  and  in- 
sect pests  that  attack  the  walnut.  In 
connection  with  handling  the  crop, 
such  subjects  as  harvesting  and  curing, 
hulling  and  grading,  processing,  bleach- 
ing and  storing  are  fully  treated.  The 
subject  of  walnut  growing  as  a  busi- 
ness is  given  some  attention,  with  the 
yields  one  can  expect.  Tables  are  re- 
printed from  the  1910  census  showing 
the  number  of  walnut  trees  found  in 
the  various  states  of  the  Union.  The 
bulletin  closes  with  a  most  excellent 
bibliography.  It  is  nicely  illustrated, 
the  plates  of  varieties  in  the  back  of  the 
bulletin  being  excellent.  This  bulletin 
is  sold  at  twenty  cents  a  copy. 

*        *  * 

The  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  has 
recently  published  Bulletin  No.  160,  en- 
titled "A  Study  of  Nuts  With  Special 
Reference  to  Microscopic  Identifica- 
tion," by  W.  J.  Young.  This  bulletin, 
while  not  being  of  as  much  interest  to 
nut  growers  as  the  two  former  men- 
tioned, is  of  interest  to  those  who  are 
planning  to  dispose  of  various  fruit 
pits,  such  as  the  almond,  peach,  prune, 
etc.  Formerly  these  were  mostly 
thrown  away  or  burned;  now  they  are 
being  used  for  the  manufacture  of 
various  by-products.  The  bulletin  goes 
carefully  into  the  histology  and  botany 
of  the  meats  of  the  various  nuts.  This 
will  not  be  of  so  much  interest  to  wal- 
nut growers  as  the  remarks  on  the  use 
of  the  various  nuts — speaking  of 
almonds,  for  example — that  almonds 
are  blanched  by  treating  shelled 
almonds  with  boiling  water,  rubbing 
off  the  skins  and  thoroughly  drying 
them.  Almonds  are  roasted,  salted,  sold 
as  burnt  and  salted  almonds;  the  ker- 
nels, either  whole  or  chopped,  are  used 
in  confectionery,  cakes  and  similar 
food.  Almond  paste  and  almond  meal 
are  used  in  making  macaroons  and 
biscuits.  A  fixed  oil  is  obtained  from 
the  kernels  by  pressure,  and  in  the  case 
of  bitter  almonds  the  residue  is  dis- 
tilled, yielding  the  true  essential  oil  of 
bitter  almonds.  The  cake  obtained  in 
the  manufacture  of  the  oil  is  a  valuable 
stock  food.  The  various  adulterants  of 
the  almond  are  mentioned.  The  bul- 
letin speaks  of  a  possible  future  for  the 
use  of  the  kernels  of  the  prune.  It 
states  that  experiments  in  removing  the 
pits  from  the  prunes  before  drying  have 
recently  been  made,  and  should  this 


Bulletin  Reviews 


3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  29 


process  prove  a  financial  success  prune 
pits  will  eventually  take  their  place  be- 
side those  of  the  peach  and  apricot. 
This  class  of  by-products  was  formerly 
used  only  for  fuel,  but  recently  there 
has  been  an  increased  demand,  espe- 
cially for  apricot  pits,  and  investiga- 
tion reveals  the  fact  that  in  certain 
cases  the  kernels  are  substituted  for 
bitter  almonds.  They  are  often  ex- 
ported to  Europe,  where  the  essence  is 
distilled  and  mixed  with  or  substituted 
for  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds.  In  speak- 
ing of  walnuts,  it  states  that  walnuts 
are  marketed  whole  or  the  meats  are 
removed  from  the  shells  and  sold  for 
use  in  confections,  cake,  etc.  All  the 
species  are  rich  in  oil,  which  is  some- 
times extracted  by  pressure,  but  which 
is  not  much  used  except  in  certain 
parts  of  Europe.  Green  walnuts  are 
pickled  or  used  in  making  walnut 
catsup.  Nearly  all  varieties  of  nuts 
that  are  used  in  this  country  are  treated 
in  the  bulletin. 

Continued  in  next  issue 


Fruit  Distributors 

The  North  Pacific  Fruit  Distributors 
are  now  organized  ready  for  business 
and  will  begin  the  fruit  season  by 
handling  the  cherry  crop,  following 
with  other  lines  of  fruit,  such  as 
peaches,  plums,  prunes,  apples  and 
pears.  The  North  Pacific  Fruit  Dis- 
tributors is  an  association  composed  of 
growers  in  Washington,  Oregon,  Idaho 
and  Montana.  It  is  an  association 
owned,  controlled  and  operated  by  the 
fruitgrowers  who  are  well  known  in 
the  business  in  the  four  states  repre- 
sented. The  trustees  for  the  three- 
year  term  are  H.  F.  Davidson,  Hood 
River,  Oregon,  and  Harry  Hubler, 
Walla  Walla,  Washington;  for  the  two- 
year  term,  W.  M.  Sackett,  Corvallis, 
Montana,  and  W.  N.  Yost,  Meridian, 
Idaho;  for  the  one-year  term,  F.  E. 
Sickles,  North  Yakima,  Washington, 
and  H.  C.  Sampson,  Spokane,  Washing- 
ton. J.  H.  Robbins,  North  Yakima,  is 
general  manager;  H.  F.  Davidson,  Hood 
River,  is  president;  H.  C.  Sampson, 
Spokane,  secretary  and  treasurer,  and 
N.  C.  Richards,  North  Yakima,  is  attor- 
ney. The  head  office  will  be  located  in 
Spokane,  Washington.  The  North  Pa- 
cific Fruit  Distributors  is  composed  of 
the  associations  of  sub-centrals  in  the 
various  districts.  Practically  all  of 
Southern  Idaho  is  formed  under  one 
association  with  fifteen  sub-centrals, 
which  is  signed  up  with  the  North 
Pacific  Fruit  Distributors.  The  Yakima 
District  Association  has  signed  up  and 
is  composed  of  twenty-three  sub- 
centrals,  located  in  the  various  parts  of 
Yakima  Valley.  The  associations  at 
Milton  and  Freewater,  Oregon,  and 
Walla  Walla  and  Dayton,  Washington, 
have  also  joined.  The  fruitgrowers 
around  Spokane  are  organized  and 
have  connected  themselves  with  the 
North  Pacific  Fruit  Distributors.  Hood 
River  is  practically  united  in  one  cen- 
tral association  known  as  "The  Apple 
Growers'  Association  of  Hood  River," 
and  has  joined  the  North  Pacific  Fruit 
Distributors.    Three   trustees  remain 


to  be  selected.  Arrangements  have 
been  practically  completed  and  assur- 
ances given  that  Spokane  bankers  will 
finance  the  North  Pacific  Fruit  Dis- 
tributors for  their  temporary  needs.  It 
is  estimated  that  the  North  Pacific  Fruit 
Distributors  will  handle  from  12,000  to 
15,000  carloads  of  fruits,  vegetables  and 
melons  this  year,  and  possibly  may 
take  on  the  potato  crop,  which  is  esti- 
mated 4,000  carloads.  The  trustees  and 
a  number  of  other  fruitgrowers  promi- 
nently identified  with  different  associa- 
tions, in  connection  with  inspectors 
and  packers,  met  in  Spokane  for  the 
purpose  of  perfecting  a  set  of  grading 
rules,  which  will  be  the  standard  in 
all  districts  which  ship  their  crop 
through  the  North  Pacific  Fruit  Dis- 
tributors. This  means  practically  a 
standardizing  of  the  entire  fruit  crop 
that  will  be  handled  by  the  North  Pa- 
cific Fruit  Distributors  this  year. 
Three  special  sales  managers  of  the 
association  have  been  selected,  con- 
sisting of  Wilmer  Sieg,  Hood  River; 
R.  A.  Perham,  North  Yakima;  H.  E. 
Smith,  Payette.  J.  T.  Ronan  of  North 
Yakima  will  be  manager  of  the  traffic 
claims  department.  The  trustees,  ex- 
ecutive officers  and  all  officials,  who 
have  positions  of  responsibility  and 
trust,  will  be  under  heavy  bonds,  vary- 
ing from  $5,000  to  $100,000. 


1913  Prices 

Estimates  in  May  and  early  in  June 
from  various  sections  of  the  United 
States  indicate  that  the  crop  of  apples 
will  be  considerably  smaller  this  year 
than  last.  Estimates  in  the  Northwest 
also  indicate  the  same  condition. 
Throughout  the  Northwest  and  East, 
during  the  middle  of  June,  the  June 
drop  had  not  taken  place,  and  there- 
fore it  is  assumed  that  the  estimates  in 
all  probability  will  have  to  be  revised 
later  in  the  season.  Prices  last  year 
were  ruinously  low  on  all  varieties  of 
apples.  The  crop  was  an  exceedingly 
large  one  in  all  sections.  Apple  grow- 
ers of  the  Northwest  learned  the  fool- 
ishness of  shipping  off  grades  and  poor 
varieties  to  Eastern  markets.  Practi- 
cally nearly  all  such  fruit  did  not  pay 
the  harvesting  and  freight  charges. 
Prices  were  so  low  last  year  that 
everybody  could  afford  to  buy  apples. 
The  consumption  showed  a  marked  in- 
crease. It  is  generally  believed  that  to 
a  great  extent  an  increased  consump- 
tion has  been  created,  which  will  con- 
tinue to  increase  if  reasonable  prices 
are  maintained. 

It  is  assumed  that  fruitgrowers  of  the 
Northwest  will  have  the  good  sense  to 
discontinue  shipping  off  grades  or  poor 
varieties  to  Eastern  markets,  and  that 
they  will  have  the  good  sense  to  put  up 
a  high-class  pack  and  standardize  their 
packs  so  that  all  packs  will  be  of  uni- 
form grade.  It  is  generally  believed 
that  marketing  will  be  done  in  far  more 
scientific  and  intelligent  manner  than 
ever  before.  It  is  believed  that  the 
distribution  will  be  better.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  right  kind  of  adver- 
tising will  be  done  and  selling  cam- 
paign made,  and  it  is  hoped  and  be- 


lieved that  prices  and  the  fruit  in- 
dustry in  general  will  be  in  far  better 
condition  from  every  point  of  view 
during  the  year  1913  than  during  the 
past  year. 


Prices  at  North  Yakima 

Relow  we  publish  a  sworn  statement 
of  the  average  fruit  prices  obtained  by 
Richey  &  Gilbert,  North  Yakima,  Wash- 
ington, for  the  last  half  of  1912,  com- 
mencing July  15  and  ending  January 
1,  1913: 

AVERAGE  NET  RETURNS  F.O.B.  SHIPPING 
POINT  ON  SOFT  FRUITS 


Elberta  peaches,  per  box  .$0,319 

Crawford  peaches,  per  box  340 

Various  peaches,  per  box  342 

Crabapples,  per  peach  box  420 

Grapes,  per  basket  172 

Italian  prunes,  per  crate  fi07 

Tragedy  prunes,  per  crate  712 

Hungarian  prunes,  per  ci-ate  524 

Various  plums  and  prunes,  per  crate  494 

Yakimines,  per  box  ,.  1.1.52 

Nectarines,  per  box  410 

Apricots,  per  box  307 

Winter  Nelis  pears,  per  box   1.061 

Easter  pears,  per  box   1.251 

Bartlett  pears,  per  standard  box  989 

Bartlett  pears,  per  half  box  726 

Mixed  pears,  per  standard  box  827 

Mixed  pears,  per  half  box  642 


State  of  Washington,  County  of  Yakima,  ss. 

W.  A.  Baker  and  C.  \V.  Grant,  being  first 
duly  sworn,  on  oath  depose  and  say  that  they 
have  carefully  checked  the  records  of  ship- 
ments of  Richey  &  Gilbert  Company  from  .Tuly 
15,  1912,  to  January  1,  1913,  and  that  the 
average  prices  received  by  Richey  &  Gilbert 
Company  for  fruit  shipped  by  them  during 
that  period  are  as  shown  above. 

W.  A.  BAKER. 
C.  W.  GRANT. 
Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  2nd 
day  of  June,  1913.  J.  H.  IMMEL, 

Notary  Public  in  and  for  the  State  of 
Washington,  residing  at  Toppenish. 

AVERAGE  NET  RETURNS  F.O.B.  SHIPPING 
POINT  ALL  APPLES  TO  JANUARY  1,  1913 


Winesap   $1,262 

Spitzenberg    1.122 

Jonathan   895 

Arkansas  Black    1.522 

Stayman  Winesap    1.050 

Rome  Beauty  910 

Winter  Banana    1.600 

Hubbardston   994 

White  W^inter  Pearmain   1.071 

Bed  Cheek  Pippin  889 

Delaware  Red  860 

Lawver   860 

Grimes  Golden   941 

Ben  Davis  627 

Missouri  Pippin   870 

Black  Twig   952 

Black  Ben  935 

Gano   935 

York  Imperial  892 

Senator   878 

Wagener   782 

Yellow  Newtown    1.212 

Baldwin   672 

Northern  Spy   840 

Bellflower    1.043 

King  David    1.090 

Snow   620 

Various   891 

C  grade,  hail  marked,  all  varieties, 

4,  4V2  and  5-tier  653 


State  of  Washington,  County  of  Yakima,  ss. 

W.  A.  Baker  and  C.  W.  Grant,  being  first 
duly  sworn,  on  oath  depose  and  say  that  they 
have  carefully  checked  the  records  of  ship- 
ments of  Richey  &  Gilbert  Company  from  July 
15,  1912,  to  January  1,  1913,  and  that  the 
average  prices  received  by  Richey  &  Gilbert 
Company  for  fruit  shipped  by  them  during 
that  period  are  as  shown  above. 

W.  A.  BAKEB. 
C.  W.  GRANT. 
Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  2nd 
day  of  June,  1913.  J.  H.  IMMEL, 

Notary  Public  in  and  for  the  State  of 
Washington,  residing  at  Toppenish. 


Editor  Better  Fruit: 

Your  last  two  publications  are  sure  mighty 
fine  and  they  hit  the  nail  right  on  the  head. 
Yours  very  truly,  C.  R.  Seager,  Davis  Creek 
Orchards,  Sacramento,  California. 


Page  so 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


If  you  are  growing  apples  for  profit  you  will  be  interested  in  the  saving  in  grading, 

sizing  and  packing  which  is  possible  with  a 

CUTtER  GRADING  AND  SIZING  MACHINE 


Reduces 
the  cost 

of 
every 
pactcing 

house 
operation 


Invest 
your  money 
in  a 
Cutler 
machine 

ONCE 
instead  of 
unnecessary 
labor 
each  year 


The  grading,  sizing  and  ]  lacking  of  the  fruit  are  combined  into  one  continuous  operation.  Two 
grades  of  fruit  and  ten  sizes  of  each  handled  at  once.  One  commercial  size  only  is  delivered  to  each 
bin  so  that  an  unskilled  packer  becomes  quickly  proficient,  no  further  selection  for  size  being  necessary. 

Floating  bins  of  large  capacity  prevent  overcrowding  and  make  continuous  "paclcing  possible. 

It  doubles  the  output  of  your  sorters  and  increases  the  packers  capacity  from  25%  to  50%. 

Bight  Now  is  the  time  to  commence  planning  for  packing  house  economics  for  next  season.  Write 
today  for  descriptive  circular  and  prices. 


The  Hardie  Manufacturing  Co., 


49  North  Front  Street 
Portland,  Oregon 


Diversity  in  Horticulture 


SPEAKING  on  diversity  in  horticul- 
ture and  pollination  of  pears  and 
cherries,  Professor  C.  I.  Lewis,  of  the 
Oregon  Agricultural  College,  addressed 
the  State  Horticultural  Society  at  Cor- 
vallis  on  June  4,  in  part  as  follows: 
"The  general  tendency  of  most  fruit 
districts  on  the  Pacific  Coast  has  been 
to  specialize,  and  by  specializing  they 
have  undoubtedly  been  able  to  grow  a 
higher  grade  of  produce  than  they  could 
otherwise;  but  specializing  in  one  fruit 
alone  is  more  or  less  dangerous.  It 
works  well  as  long  as  the  prices  are 
good  and  the  margin  of  profit  is  wide, 
but  whenever  the  margin  of  profit  be- 
comes narrow  and  the  prices  are  low 
the  system  is  not  so  satisfactory  and 
often  works  hardships  on  the  men  who 
are  not  backed  overly  well  financially. 
The  most  prosperous  fruit  districts  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  are  really  those  which 
are  producing  a  great  diversity  of 
crops.  This  may  not  mean  that  each 
individual  orchardist  is  growing  a  very 
wide  range  of  fruits,  but  that  the  com- 
munity as  a  whole  is  producing  a  diver- 
sity of  products.  A  community  which 
produces  prunes,  peaches,  cherries, 
walnuts,  apples,  pears  and  berries  gen- 
erally has  something  to  sell  every  year, 
and  is  established  on  a  firmer  financial 
basis  than  the  region  which  is  depend- 
ent on  one  of  these  fruits  alone. 

"We  bear  a  great  deal  about  diversi- 
fied agriculture  and  diversified  farming 
at  present,  and,  for  a  certain  class  of 


people  and  under  proper  conditions, 
diversified  farming  would  be  a  most 
profitable  life  to  take  up.  How  far  a 
fruit  grower  can  diversify  would  de- 
pend largely  upon  the  soil,  climate,  and 
the  individual.  I  want  to  call  your 
attention,  however,  to  the  fact  that 
diversity  in  agriculture  does  not  mean 
specializing  in  three  or  four  lines  of 
agriculture.  That  is,  it  is  better  for  a 
man  to  choose  some  specialty  and  make 
his  other  lines  largely  subordinate  to 
this  specialty.  If  he  attempts  to  make 
a  specialty  of  three  or  four  lines,  as 
apple  growing,  poultry  raising  and 
dairying,  he  is  very  apt  to  make  a  fizzle 
and  not  be  very  successful  in  anything. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  can  choose  a 
line  which  he  naturally  likes  the  best 
to  speciaize  in,  and  grow  other  fruits 
or  farm  crops  that  do  not  interfere 
vitally  with  his  specialty. 

"One  mistake  that  the  fruit  growers 
as  a  class  have  made  is  that  they  do  not 
grow  enough  of  what  they  eat.  Every 
fruit  grower  should  have  a  good  gar- 
den; should  raise  his  own  vegetables 
and  potatoes;  he  should  keep  a  flock  of 
chickens  to  supply  the  family  table,  and 
also  to  have  a  surplus  to  sell;  he  should 
keep  at  least  a  family  cow  for  milk, 
cream  and  butter,  and  he  can  very 
nicely  produce  his  own  pork.  How 
much  he  can  diversify  more  than  this 
is  a  question  that  each  man  must  work 
out  largely  for  himself.  With  livestock, 
the  two  lines  which  will  probably  work 


better  with  fruit  than  anything  else  are 
chickens  and  hogs.  Whatever  livestock 
the  fruit  grower  chooses  should  be  first 
class.  If  he  breeds  his  horses,  breed 
them  to  a  good  stallion,  and  raise  first- 
class  colts.  His  chickens  and  pigs  and 
cows  should  be  of  the  best,  and  he 
should  join  in  the  idea  of  community 
breeding  and  work  hand  in  hand  with 
the  dairyman  and  animal  husbandry- 
man  who  is  striving  to  build  up  the 
livestock  industry  of  Oregon.  Then 
from  whatever  surpus  the  fruit  grower 
has  to  sell  he  will  realize  the  highest 
revenue. 


BAVT^TVU 
GrARD^NS 


Trees,  Shrubs,  Vines  andPIants 
are  the  requisites  for  beautiful 
gardens.  We  have  just  issued 
our  annual  catalogue,  "Trees, 
Slirubs,  Vines  and  Plants."  1 1 
isa  96-page  book,  full  of  illustra- 
tions. It  will  point  the  way  to 
beautify  your  garden.  Send  for 
it  today.  Mention  this  paper. 


J. B. PILKINGTON 

NURSERYMAN  I 

2ND.&MA£N  STS..  PORTLAND,  ORE. J 


J.  M.  SCHMELTZER,  Secretary 

HOOD  RIVER  ABSIRACT  COMPANY 

HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 

ABSTRACTS  INSURANCE 
CONVEYANCING 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  ?/ 


Caterpillar  Cultivation 
Saves  the  Moisture 


The  30  H.  P.  Holt  Baby  Caterpillar  Tractor  is 
built  to  meet  all  the  demands  of  the  orchardist. 
—It  will  turn  in  its  own  length. 
—It  can  be  guided  as  easily  as  an  automobile. 
—It  will  not  pack  the  soil  because  its  weight  is 
distributed  over  a  large  bearing  surface. 


I 


"The  disadvantages  of  diversifying 
are  that  people  are  apt  to  overreach 
themselves.  They  try  to  grow  too 
great  a  variety  of  crops;  there  are  too 
many  details  to  attend  to,  and  as  a 
result  the  quality  of  the  fruit  they  pro- 
duce becomes  low.  Eastern  experi- 
ments have  shown  us  that  where  one 
tries  to  diversify  too  much  the  quality 
invariably  falls  down,  and  probably  the 
standing  the  ^Yest  has  at  the  present 
time  over  the  East  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  we  attend  to  the  details  better  and 
produce  a  higher  grade  of  fruit.  There 
are  many  orchardists,  however,  who 
could  grow  quite  a  diversity  of  fruits, 
and  the  work  can  be  so  arranged  that 
one  kind  does  not  interfere  very  much 
with  the  other.  Italian  prunes  are 
generally  out  of  the  way  by  the  time 
the  apples  require  much  attention; 
sweet  cherries  and  pie  cherries  do  not 
interfere  with  prunes  or  apples,  and 
berries  fit  in  with  nearly  all  lines  of 
horticulture.  They  conflict  probably 
more  with  cherries  than  with  any  of 
the  other  tree  fruits. 

"The  ^Yillamette  Valley  is  a  natural 
diversified  region.  Here  we  can  find 
apples,  berries,  prunes,  cherries,  grapes, 
walnuts,  small  fruits  and  garden  truck 
all  growing  to  a  high  degree  of  perfec- 
tion. We  have  here  splendid  opportu- 
nities for  building  up  a  horticulture 
which  will  be  very  sound  and  which 
will  mean  a  high  annual  income.  There 
is  practically  not  a  center  in  the  Wil- 
lamette Valley  but  what  can  produce 
more  or  less  of  all  of  the  produce  I 
have  enumerated.  Salem,  Oregon,  is  a 
good  example  of  what  diversified  horti- 
culture is  doing,  and  it  is  very  seldom 
that  there  is  a  complete  crop  failure  in 
that  locality.  There  is  generally  some- 
thing to  sell  every  year,  cherries,  pears. 


FOR  SALE 

Fifteen-acre  full  bearing  fruit  farm. 
Ten  minutes'  walk  from  city  high 
school,  fifteen  minutes  from  State 
College.  Address 

Owner,  Box  325,  Pullman,  Washington 


Nurserymen  Attention! 

Buds  of  Cherries.  Peaches,  Apricots. 
Prunes,  Plums,  Pears,  Almonds  and 
Apples.  Large  assortment  cut  from 
bearing  trees.  Send  for  list  of  varieties 
and  prices. 

R.  H.  WEBER,  The  Dalles,  Oregon 


prunes,  apples,  peaches  and  small  fruits 
all  being  grown.  Practically  every 
other  center  in  the  Willamette  Valley 
has  an  equal  opportunity.  The  spring- 
ing up  of  canneries  is  going  to  help  us 
out  in  our  problem,  because  the  can- 
neries and  diversified  horticulture  go 
hand  in  hand.  The  canneries  to  be 
successful  must  run  over  a  long  season 
and  must  have  a  range  of  produce  at 
the  same  time,  if  it  is  to  be  a  financial 
success. 

"If  we  are  to  diversify  to  any  extent, 
however,  there  is  one  factor  that  we 
must  emphasize  very  strongly,  and  that 
is  the  need  of  organization.  Diversi- 
fication without  organization  will  never 


amount  to  very  much.  The  man  who 
is  selling  little  dabs  of  a  wide  variety 
of  produce  is  at  the  mercy  of  the  buyer 
and  has  practically  to  take  what  he  can 
get,  but  if  hundreds  of  these  men  join 
together  they  can  ship  out  carloads  and 
trainloads  and  thus  overcome  the  han- 
dicap that  they  otherwise  work  under. 
Corvallis  and  Eugene  are  very  fortu- 
natein  that  they  are  organizing  strong 
fruit  growers'  associations  and  are 
establishing  canneries  to  handle  the 
produce  that  is  being  grown.  These 
canneries  will  mean  much  to  the  Wil- 
lamette Valley.  From  time  to  time  we 
hear  people  say  that  'We  need  more 
manufacturing  plants  in  this  country'; 


KEES  FRUIT  PICKER 


No 


Gathers,  Ap- 
ples, Peaches. 

Etc.,  as  carefully 
as  by  hand  with 
less  work.  Saves 
climbing  ladder.  > 
fruit  out  of  reach. 
No  wire  to  injure 
fruit  or  tangle  in 
branches.  Fruit 
drops  into  cloth 
bag,  which  can  be 
filled  before  low- 
ering. Ask  your 
hardware  dealer 
or  send  to  us. 

Price  complete, 
except  long  han- 
dle (a  fish  pole 
will  do)  (50c.  post- 
age paid.  Your 
— ^  money  back  if  not 
O,  K.  Circular 
sent  on  request. 

F.  D.   KEES  MFG.  CO.. 

Beatrice,  Neb. 
Address  Box  50 


WHEN    WRITING  ADVERTISERS   MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  ^2 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


THIS  SPACE  RESERVED  FOR 

F.  BORDERS  SON  CO. 

THE  BOX  APPLE  HOUSE  OF  BALTIMORE 

U.  GRANT  BORDER,  President 


that  'It  will  nevei-  come  into  its  own 
until  we  can  build  up  factories.'  It 
seems  to  me  that  in  the  canneries,  the 
creameries  and  the  lumber  by-products 
are  contained  our  real  strength,  and  if 
we  are  wise  we  will  build  up  such 
industries  rather  than  sit  down  and 
wait  for  the  manufacturers  of  textiles, 
leather  goods,  pianos  and  iron  goods  to 
settle  in  our  midst.  Our  co-operative 
cannei'ies  will  bring  thousands  of  dol- 
lars into  our  communities  and  employ 
a  large  corps  of  people. 

"In  order  to  increase  the  production 
and  consumption  of  fruits  in  this  valley 
there  are  several  factors  that  we  must 
keep  in  mind.  First,  we  need  to  study 
a  little  better  our  local  markets.  We 
are  loading  down  our  local  market  with 
too  much  inferior  produce.  Apples, 
pears  and  vegetables  that  are  only  fit 
for  hogs  are  too  often  offered  for  sale. 
We  should  strive  to  encourage  our  local 
growers  and  fruit  dealers  in  this  valley 
to  handle  a  higher  grade  of  produce. 
Not  that  the  price  need  to  be  raised 
materially  for  much  of  the  produce  that 
we  are  selling,  but  that  we  should  elim- 
inate this  undesirable  produce,  since  it 
works  against  consumption  rather  than 
increases  the  consumption  of  fruit.  We 
need  to  improve  very  much  the  condi- 
tions of  prune  growing  in  this  valley. 
There  is  a  great  work  of  organization 
among  the  people  who  are  engaged  in 
prune  growing,  and  we  need  to  try  and 
unify  our  methods  of  producing,  evap- 
orating and  processing.  We  must  estab- 
lish standards  for  the  prune,  and  we 
must  take  steps  to  keep  people  from 
shipping  out  of  this  state  large  quan- 
tities of  prunes  that  will  injure  the 
state.  There  is  no  question  but  what 
large  quantities  of  prunes  have  gone 
out  of  the  state  which  were  practically 
uneatable,  and  which  are  now  coming 
back  to  plague  us.  In  the  Italian  prune 
the  State  of  Oregon  has  one  of  its  finest 
assets. 

"The  loganberry  is  coming  to  the 
front  very  rapidly.  We  have  a  great 
work  to  do  with  this  berry.  If  handled 
properly  T  have  no  doubt  that  the  field 
is  almost  unlimited  for  this  fruit.  It 
can  be  canned,  evaporated,  made  into 
juices,  and  makes  splendid  jells.  It  is 
a  new  fruit,  so  to  speak,  of  great  merit; 
but  unless  we  are  careful  there  is  bound 
to  be  an  oversupply  of  loganberries. 


At  the  present  time  most  of  the  fruit  is 
being  sold  in  Chicago  and  Minneapolis. 
We  should  reach  out  for  new  markets; 
we  should  see  that  all  the  cities  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River  are  first  sup- 
plied with  this  berry,  and  then  begin  to 
extend  our  market  to  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board and  to  Europe.  I  am  fearful  that 
many  of  the  berries  that  are  being 
evaporated  in  this  state  are  going  to 
hurt  the  loganberry  market.  Many  of 
the  berries  are  not  graded  properly, 
they  scorch  and  burn  during  drying, 
some  of  them  are  too  green,  and  the 
product  is  often  very  unpalatable.  If 
we  supply  the  market  with  such  a  pro- 
duct for  a  few  years  we  will  be  sure  to 
have  a  condition  which  will  be  very 
similar  to  the  early  prune  situation. 
However,  by  organizing  and  working 


together  we  should  build  up  an  industry 
with  the  loganberry  that  will  mean  ten 
million  dollars  yearly  to  the  State  of 
Oregon. 

"The  establishing  of  our  canneries  is 
going  to  open  up  a  very  promising 
opportunity  in  pear  culture.  The  Bart- 
lett  pear  grows  to  splendid  perfection, 
yields  heavily,  and  at  fair  canning 
prices  gives  a  very  satisfactory  profit. 
There  will  undoubtedly  be  an  increased 
demand  for  pie  cherries.  In  the  East 
such  cherries  as  the  Montmorency, 
English  Morello  and  the  Kentish  or 
Early  Richmond  are  in  great  demand. 
These  cherries  grow  nicely  here.  In 
every  region  where  we  can  grow  them 
we  should  have  an  acreage  of  pie  cher- 
ries to  supply  the  canneries.  In  no 
region  of  the  United  States  does  the 


WHEN   WRITING   ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


19 1 3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  33 


Lambert  cherry  grow  better  than  in 
Western  Oregon.  I  have  recently  talked 
with  government  ofTicials  and  they  have 
expressed  the  opinion  that  with  the 
opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  we  should 
be  able  to  put  these  Lambert  cherries 
on  the  European  markets  by  precooling 
and  shipping  in  cold  storage  steamers. 
In  this  way  the  fruit  handles  very 
nicely.  The  demand  for  Royal  Ann 
cherries  for  Maraschino  is  increasing 
very  rapidly  and  we  have  a  good  indus- 
try already  established  for  this  fruit. 

"In  the  production  of  cherries  there 
are  very  few  regions  in  the  world  that 
can  equal  the  Pacific  Coast.  On  our 
warm  sandy  and  silt  loams  raspberries 
yield  very  heavily.  The  loganberry  is 
at  its  best  on  this  soil,  but  all  our  well 
drained  clay  loams  will  produce  black- 
berries, loganberries,  gooseberries  and 
currants  very  satisfactorily.  The  little 
region  around  Puyallup,  Washington,  is 
reported  to  be  shipping  out  about  five 
hundred  carloads  of  produce  annually, 
mostly  berries.  A  recent  newspaper 
clipping  reads  that  that  region  is  to  ship 
out  this  year  five  hundred  barrels  of 
red  raspberries  packed  in  sugar.  There 
is  seemingly  a  great  future  for  Western 
berries.  Apples  in  the  Willamette  Val- 
ley have  been  largely  grown  as  a  side 
line  and  as  a  diversified  crop,  and  in 
many  years  they  have  not  proved  very 
satisfactory.  This  is  due  in  many  cases 
to  a  lack  of  proper  methods  of  culture 
and  to  the  choice  of  the  wrong  varieties. 
The  whole  valley  needs  to  get  together 
and  consider  the  question  of  the  right 
varieties  and  of  improved  methods  of 
handling  the  soil.  Prices  of  apples  this 
present  year  were  far  from  satisfactory, 
but  it  does  not  follow  that  such  condi- 
tions will  continue  indefinitely.  The 
Willamette  Valley  can  produce  certain 
varieties  of  apples  to  the  finest  degree 
of  perfection;  there  are  other  varieties 
that  the  growers  should  leave  absolutely 
alone. 

"I  have  been  asked  to  give  some  in- 
formation on  the  pollination  of  pears. 
This  is  a  subject  which  might  well 
occupy  all  the  time  allowed  for  an 
address.  However,  there  are  only  a 
few  points  in  which  the  grower  will 
be  vitally  interested  at  this  time.  In 
the  first  place,  many  of  the  pears  are 
sterile,  or  so  nearly  so  that  they  do  not 
set  fruit  satisfactorily  without  outside 
pollination.  The  Comice  comes  in  this 
class,  also  the  Anjou,  and  even  in  some 
varieties  which  are  naturally  self-fer- 
tile, like  the  Bartlett,  we  find  it  better 
if  we  plant  other  varieties  with  it.  In 
other  words,  at  the  experiment  station 
we  have  recommended  that  no  variety 
of  fruit  be  planted  alone,  but  that  it  be 
combined  with  other  varieties  blooming 
at  the  same  time.  For  pears  the  early 
bloomers  are  the  Bartlett,  Clairgeau, 
Howell,  d'Anjou  and  Kieffer.  Any  iwo 
of  these  will  interpollinate.  The  late 
blooming  pears  are  the  Angouline,  Bosc, 
Comice,  Easter  Beurre,  P.  Barry  and 
Winter  Nelis.  Any  two  of  these  will 
prove  satisfactory. 

"In  planting  out  your  pear  orchard 
plant  them  in  oblong  blocks  in  two  to 
six  rows  of  a  variety.  This  will  be 
much  better  than  attempting  to  plant 


In  the  Summer  is  the  Time  to 
Prepare  for  the  Fall  Business 

GET  THE  "BLUE  BOOK";  cheek  up  the  firms  you  want  to  deal 
with  in  the  fall;  send  them  some  preliminary  literature,  telling 
them  what  you  are  going  to  have;  how  you  want  to  deal;  get 
correspondence  started  so  when  the  shipping  season  begins  you 
will  be  having  inquiries  for  quotations.  Confine  your  dealings 
to  reliable  firms;  put  up  your  stuff  according  to  certain  grades 
— either  those  used  in  the  "Blue  Book"  or  those  that  you  may 
publish  and  include  with  your  literature;  lay  the  foundation  for 
a  full  and  thorough  understanding  as  to  not  only  how  you  are 
going  to  sell,  but  the  grades  that  you  are  going  to  ship,  and  if 
possible,  arrange  with  your  customers  that  if  any  difference 
arises  which  you  cannot  adjust  between  yourselves  that  the 
matter  will  be  left  to  the  Produce  Reporter  Company. 

BY  THIS  SYSTEM  you  will  be  prepared  for  all  emergencies  and 
in  this  preparation  you  will,  in  fact,  avoid  most  of  the  causes 
for  misunderstandings  and  difficulties.  Besides  this  you  will  be 
equipped  to  immediately  look  after  the  unavoidable  cases.  The 
last  disastrous  season  has  set  a  great  many  Growers  and  Ship- 
pers to  thinking  very  seriously  of  the  marketing  problem,  and 
no  matter  what  your  conclusions  may  be  on  this  very  interesting 
question,  you  certainly  need  credit  information  and  inspecting 
and  adjusting  protection  that  you  can  only  secure  through  a 
Membership  in  this  Organization. 

IT  WOULD  PLEASE  US  to  have  you  ask  for  full  particulars  if 
you  do  not  thoroughly  understand  our  proposition. 

Produce  Reporter  Company 

212  West  Washington  Street,  CHICAGO 


Are  you  well  represented  IN  MILWAUKEE?  If  not  line  up  with 

ALPHONSE  J.  CONROY 


Broker 
Distributor 


CARLOTS 


Fruits 
Vegetables 


Marketing  Agent  for  Growers'  and  Shippers'  Associations 
Reference:   Bradstreet's,  Dun's 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Building 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN 


HOOD  RIVER 

Box  Nailing  Press 

Eliminates  All  Box  Bruises 

Seventy-Five  per  cent  of  the  Fruit  Growers 
in  the  Famous  Hood  River  Valley  have 
given  it  a  fair  trial  and  have  pronounced  it 
the  most  Economical,  Convenient  nailing 
press  on  the  market  today. 

For  particulars  and  price  list 
write  to 

W.  G.  SNOW,  Manufacturer 

Hood  River,  Oregon 


Will  you  return 
this  coupon  to 
get  aWMte  Mo- 
tor Car  Com- 
bined with  a 
White  Motor 
Truck  at  one 
price. 


Here  is  something  new — 

an  offer  out  of  the  ordinary — 

Pleasure  and  Profit 


B.F. 


Combined 

Investigate  it  today 

The  White  Company 

Portland,  Oregon  »• 
E.  W.  HILL,  Manager 


y    The  White  Co. 
»♦   Portland,  Oregon: 
y  Send  me  FREE  in- 
♦  formation  about  your 
Combination  car  offer. 


Name.. 


Address.. 


WHEN   WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  34 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Raise 

Not 

Lice— 

Lice  and  chickens 
don't  spell  success. 
Get  rid  of  the  lice! 
Dealers  sell  Lilly's 
Lice  Killer.  If  not— 

The 

Chas.H.LillyCo. 
Seattle,  Wn. 


YOU  CAN  EARN  $50  OQ  PER  DAY 

^  with  the 

'Gearless  Improved  Standard 

Well  Drilling  Machine. 
Drills  through  any  formation. 
Five  years  ahead  of  any  other. 
Has  record  of  drilling  130  feet 
and  driving  casing  in  9  hours. 
Another  record  where  70  feet  was  drilled  on  2%  gal.  distillate 
at  9c  per  gal.  One  man  can  operate.  Electrically  equipped  for 
running  nights.  Fishingjob.  Engine  ignition.  Catalogue  W8. 
REIERSON  MACHINERY  CO.,  Manfrs.  Portland,  Ore. 


Evaporator  Men  or  J 
Those  About  to  Build  • 

D.  W.  SEELY 

Specialist  on  evaporation,  ventilation, 
chimney  drafts,  roof  ventilation,  heat- 
ing and  radiation  of  kiln  dryers. 

Write  for  furnace  catalogue,  and  In 
about  one  month  I  will  have  a  catalogue 
out  on  evaporation  of  apples,  selling, 
buying,  packing,  curing  and,  in  fact, 
everything  you  wish  to  know. 


D.  W.  SEELY, 


Sodus  Point 
New  York 


H.  HARRIS  &  CO. 

Fruit  Auctioneers 

227  State  Street 
Boston,  Massachusetts 

Established  1847 

Frank  Moseley 

Frank  L.  Ripley 

Cutler  B.  Downer 


J.  P.  LITTOOY 

CONSULTING  HORTICULTURIST 
Liand,  irrigation  and  orchard  schemes  exam- 
ined for  owners,  buyers,  bonding  companies 
or  advertising  agencies — Orchard  and  land 
values  estimated — Orchard  soils  examined — 
Directs  orchard  development — Land  damage 
claims  estimated — All  business  confidential. 
BOISE,  IDAHO 


A  PANORAMIC  VIEW 

of  the 

Famous  Hood  River  Valley 
showing 

13,000  acres  of  apple  orchards,  Mt. 
Hood,  Mt.  Adams  and  the  Columbia 

River  Gorge. 
40  inches  long  Price  $1.00 


SLOCUM'S  BOOK  AND  ART  STORE 

Hood  River,  Oregon 


the  trees  alternately.  The  fruit  does 
not  all  mature  at  the  same  time,  and 
by  having  at  least  two  rows  of  a  variety 
it  cheapens  the  cost  of  spraying,  pick- 
ing, hauling,  etc. 

"The  experiment  station  has  recently 
conducted  a  series  of  investigations  on 
cherries.  In  the  very  near  future  we 
are  going  to  report  on  this  investiga- 
tion. The  work  has  been  carried  on 
both  at  the  home  station  at  Corvallis 
and  with  the  fruit  growers  at  The 
Dalles.  The  results  secured  are  very 
gratifying  and  we  hope  to  be  able  to 
issue  a  bulletin  in  the  very  near  future 
that  can  be  put  into  the  hands  of  all 
those  interested  in  cherry  production. 
Suffice  to  say  at  this  time  that  many  of 
the  best  varieties  are  .sterile,  and  to  get 
the  best  results  interplanting  must  take 
place. 

"In  conclusion,  I  want  to  emphasize 
the  need  of  organization  for  the  Wil- 
lamette Valley.  All  the  various  cen- 
ters, such  as  Corvallis,  Eugene,  Salem, 
Dallas,  etc.,  should  have  strong  fruit 
growers'  organizations,  and  should  have 
canneries  or  means  for  handling  other 
by-products.  These  different  organiza- 
tions .should  get  together  at  least  once 
a  year  and  meet  at  some  central  point, 
such  as  Portland.  The  State  Horti- 
cultural Society  should  be  a  splendid 
medium  for  getting  these  organizations 
together  where  we  can  discuss  the 
problems  that  confront  us  and  give 
each  other  the  benefit  of  our  experi- 
ence. I  am  hoping. that  every  organi- 
zation in  the  Willamette  Valley  will 
become  affiliated  with  the  State  Horti- 
cultural Society  and  thus  reap  the 
benefits  of  such  co-operation. 


The  Newtown  Apple 
Mr.  W.  W^  Scott  of  Yakima  has  fifty- 
three  trees,  now  thirty  years  old, 
which  he  has  always  thought  to  be  the 
Hubbardston  apples.  It  is  reported  that 
Mr.  A.  V.  Steubenrauch,  chief  in.spector 
in  the  Department  of  Horticulture  at 
Wa.shington,  states  that  Mr.  Scott's 
apples  are  not  the  Hubbardston,  but  is 
a  new  variety.  Inasmuch  as  the  popu- 
larity of  these  apples  are  evidenced  by 
the  splendid  prices  which  he  has  re- 
ceived, which  have  varied  from  •'?2.50 
to  .$1.60  in  1912,  Mr.  Scott  is  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  having  something  that  is 
good  and  new. 


Irrigation 
Mr.  R.  E.  Trumbell  of  Wenatchee 
says  that  in  that  district  it  is  advisable 
to  irrigate  young  trees  just  when  they 
begin  to  show  green  tips  of  the  leaves. 
Trees  that  have  grown  for  a  year  or 
two  should  also  be  irrigated,  as  he 
very  forcefully  puts  it,  "The  business 
of  the  young  tree  is  to  grow."  Mr. 
Trumbell  says  that  bearing  orchards 
should  not  be  irrigated  when  in  full 
bloom,  as  it  interferes  with  the  setting 
of  the  fruit.  He  also  advises  the  mak- 
ing of  irrigation  ditches  deep,  with 
wide  bottoms. 


Editor  Belter  Fruit: 

"Better  Fruit"  is  doing  a  wonderful  work. 
Sincerely  yours,  O.  R.  Sterling,  Strevell,  Idaho. 


MYERS 


DEFIANCE 

WORKING  HEAD 


A  new  outfit  complete 
within  itself.  All  mounted 
on  one  base  ready  to  set 
and  connect  up. 

Just  the  one  you  have  been 
looking  for.  It  will  insure  an 
abundant  and.  satisfactory 
water  supply,  with  very  low 
installation  cost. 

Built  for  the  needs  of  the 
ordinary  consumer,  and  just  a 
little  better  than  any 
similar  outfit.  Fitted 
for  Hand,  Windmill  or 
Belt  power,  with  ma- 
chine cut  gears,  cock 
spout,  and  back  out- 
let: it  is  .adapted  to 
many  conditions. 

Write  us  immedi- 
ately forcatalog  show- 
ing this  and  many 
other  styles  of  Myers 
Pumps,  and  also  ask 
for  name  of  our  near- 
est dealer. 


F.  E.  MYERS  &  BRO. 

120  Orange  St.,  ASHLAND,  OHIO 
ASHLAND  PUMP  AND  HAY  TOOL  WORKS 


Established  at  Woodbiirn  in  1863 


50  YEARS 
CAREFUL,  CON- 
SCIENTIOUS 
SERVICE  TO 
PLANTERS. 

WRITE  TODAY 
FOR  LIST. 


THE  WOODBURN  NURSERIES 

WOODBURN.  OREGON  DRAWERH 


Make  Your  Own  Dryers 

AND 

Evaporate  Your 
Low  Grade  of  Fruit 

Estimate  of  cost  Free. 
Plans  and  specifications  reasonable. 
Address 
G.  A.  STROUT 
Sebastopol,  California 


FOR  SALE 

Jersey  Red,  Chester  White,  Berkshire 
and  Poland  China  pigs;  hunting,  sport- 
ing, watch  and  pet  dogs;  puppies  of  all 
varieties  a  specialty.  On  receipt  of  10 
cents  we  mail  highly  descriptive  illus- 
trated catalogue,  which  gives  full  Infor- 
mation of  49  breeds  of  dogs,  several 
breeds  of  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  rabbits, 
ferrets;  price  list  of  poultry  and  pigeons. 

CHAS.  LANDIS 

Department  255 
Reading,  Pennsylvania 


WHEN    WRITING  ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Pag(^  35 


JUDICIOUS   SPRAYING   IS   AN   EFFECTIVE   FRUIT  INSURANCE 

m  LEAD  ARSENATE  m 

SUPPLIED    BY    WHOLESALE    DRUGGISTS    AND    DEALERS    THROUGHOUT    THE    UNITED  STATES 

POWERS -WEICHTMAN-ROSENCARTEN  CO. 

Hianufacturtiig  Cti^ntists 

Founded  1818 

NEW  YORK  PHILADELPHIA  saint  LOUIS 


The  Fruitgrower  Should  Diversify 

L.  S.  Smith  before  Annual  Meeting  of  Washington  Stale  Hoi'ticultural  Society 


IN  coming  before  you  today  my  first 
desire  is  to  express  to  you  my  great 
pleasure  in  being  permitted  to  oc- 
cupy the  time  of  so  destinguished  a 
gathering,  and  I  consider  this  annual 
meeting  of  the  State  Horticultural  Asso- 
ciation one  of  the  most  important  pub- 
lic gatherings  held  throughout  the  year 
in  this  great  State  of  Washington.  I 
know  that  the  men  and  women  who 
come  to  these  meetings  are  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  best  class  of  our  citi- 
zens. All  thinking,  progressive  people. 
My  only  excuse  for  being  here  is  this: 
Mr.  C.  L.  Smith,  so  well  known  to  all 
of  you,  was  scheduled  to  address  you 
today,  but  as  he  was  forced  to  be  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  on  this  date,  and  as 
I  have  been  working  as  his  assistant  in 
the  agricultural  department  of  the 
Oregon-Washington  Railroad  &  Navi- 
gation Company,  I  was  asked  to  come 
here  and  take  his  place.  I  can  take  his 
place  all  right,  but  I  make  no  pretense 
of  being  able  to  fill  it.  However,  as  the 
subject  assigned  to  me,  "The  Cow,  the 
Hog  and  the  Orchard,"  is  one  in  which 
I  am  deeply  interested  and  in  which  I 
know  every  orchardist  ought  to  be  in- 
terested. I  hope  you  will  bear  pa- 
tiently with  me  while  I  endeavor  to  put 
this  matter  before  you  as  it  appears 
to  me. 

This  being  a  meeting  of  the  State 
Horticultural  Association,  and  there- 
fore a  gathering  of  people  all  particu- 
larly interested  in  horticulture  and 
many  specializing  to  such  an  extent 
that  they  really  have  little  interest  in 
any  other  line,  I  am  forced  to  realize 
that  many  will  question,  "Why  should 
anyone  come  here  to  talk  on  any  other 
subject?"  I  hope  that  when  I  have 
finished  you  will  be  able  to  answer 
that  question  yourselves.  This  subject 
has  been  discussed  before  this  associa- 
tion at  various  times  and  I  am  sure 
that  the  interest  therein  will  increase 
from  year  to  year.  I  am  not  a  pessi- 
mist or  calamity  howler,  but  can 
plainly  see  where  a  large  percentage 
of  our  orchardists  are  in  wrong.  There 
are  surely  breakers  ahead  if  the  present 
system  of  apple  growing  is  long  con- 
tinued. I  have  spent  practically  all  of 
my  time  for  the  past  eight  years  in  the 


orchards  of  this  state  and  have  made 
an  exhaustive  study  of  the  orchard 
business,  and  I  am  therefore  in  a  posi- 
tion to  know  what  the  average  grower 
has  to  contend  with. 


The  great  danger  here  is,  as  it  has 
been  in  the  earlier  history  of  every 
section,  the  one  crop  system.  There 
are  perhaps  some  few  individuals  who 
can  make  a  sort  of  a  success  growing 


Insure  Your  Fruit  Crop 

American  Evaporators 

Made  in  Five  Sizes 


AGENTS  WANTED 

Berger  &  Carter  Company 

Canning  Machinery 

San  Francisco  Los  Angeles 


WHEX    WRITING  ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  J  6 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Position  Wanted ! 

By  an  experienced  orchardist  with 
executive  ability,  as  foreman.  Tem- 
perate and  not  afraid  of  work.  Under- 
stand vegetable  growing  also.  Refer- 
ences. Address  "W,"  care  "Better 
Fruit." 


W  A  N"  T  'F'  ri  I^EAD  PACKER  TO 
-^i-^  A  Ej  mJ  take  charge  of  packing 
staff  for  season  1913,  commencing  August  1st. 
Must  be  thoroughly  competent  in  all  the 
most  up-to-date  methods  of  packing  apples. 
Apply,  stating  qualifications  and  salary  re- 
quired, to 

The  Salmon  Arm  Farmers'  Exchange,  Ltd. 
Salmon  Arm,  B.  C,  Canada 


\\r tl  11  f'p/i  By  a  good  orchard  man 
TT  €«/£■.  l/^u  a^j^jj  general  farmer,  a 
position  on  a  large  fruit  ranch  in  Hood 
River  Valley  or  vicinity.  Good  worker, 
sober  and  steady;  single  and  about  35 
years  old.  If  man  and  wife  are  wanted, 
my  sister  can  fill  the  place.  Can  give 
best  of  references.  Address  "H,"  care 
"Better  Fruit." 


Correspondence  Invited 

By  thoroughly  competent  horticulturist,  col- 
lege tr,aining,  six  years'  experience.  Familiar 
with  planting,  care,  pests,  spraying,  harvest- 
ing and  marketing.  Good  organizer.  For  the 
past  two  years  and  a  half  have  been  in  full 
charge  of  4.000-acre  orchard,  supervising 
every  department.  Will  be  at  liberty  about 
September  1.  Address  "E,"  care  Better  Fruit 
Publishing  Company,  Hood  River,  Oregon. 


Growers  of  a  full  line  of  nursery 
stocks,  etc.  Apples,  pears,  prunes, 
peaches  and  cherries.  Send  in  your 
want  list  and  secure  prices. 

CARLTON  NURSERY  CO. 
Carlton,  Oregon 


Ship  Tour  Groods  in  Transit 

TO 

NORTHWEST  STORAGE  CO. 

324  Division  Street 
SPOKANE,  WASHINGTON 

Suitable  space  for  handling 

Apples  —  Potatoes 

Farm  Machinery  and  General  Storage 


"LARCH"  FRUIT  PACKAGES 

OF  ALL  KINDS 
Apple  and  Strawberry  Our  Specialty 
Give  us  a  trial 

BRIDAL  VEIL  LUMBERING  CO. 
HOOD  RIVER,  OREGON 


fRUIT  EVAPORATORS 

Vacuum  System 
Latest  and  Best 

We  build  and  install  plants  of  any  desired 
capacity,  in  any  part  of  the  country,  under 
positive  guarantee  to  turn  out  a  product 
of  Evaporated  Fruit  that  cannot  be  sur- 
passed.  Send  for  descriptive  circular. 

LUTHER  MFG.  CO. 

221  Eagle  Building 
Spokane,  Washington 


nothing  but  apples.  Even  do  I  know  a 
great  many  who  have  at  least  amassed 
considerable  wealth  producing  only 
apples.  At  the  same  time  I  know  that 
numerous  men  have  made  fortunes 
growing  wheat.  But  most  of  these  are 
speculators,  and  for  every  one  that  has 
made  good  a  hundred  have  scored  a 
total  failure.  A  very  large  majority 
of  the  wheat  farmers  have  only  a  hand- 
to-mouth  existence,  and  you  who  raise 
only  apples  have  no  more  chance  than 
he  who  raises  only  wheat.  A  one-crop 
system  of  farming  is  only  a  gamble. 
Like  roulette,  racing  or  rum,  it  will  get 
the  best  of  any  individual  or  any  com- 
munity that  will  stay  with  it  long 
enough.  But  this  please  bear  in  mind, 
the  most  prosperous,  happy  and  con- 
tented people  in  this  world  of  ours  are 
the  farmers  who  grow  a  diversity  of 
crops.  True,  there  is  good  money  in 
apples.  Some  years  bumper  crops 
will  sell  for  bumper  prices,  but  there 
is  sure  to  be  years  when,  in  spite  of  the 
best  of  care,  and  with  the  best  of  sell- 
ing arrangements,  you  will  find  it  next 
to  impossible  to  make  expenses  from 
your  orchard.  This  will,  of  course,  be 
disputed  by  a  lot  of  those  who  have, 
so  to  speak,  all  their  eggs  in  one  bas- 
ket. They  hate  to  admit  that  their 
basket  may  be  weak.  They  hate  to 
admit  that  they  cannot  always  get 
those  extra  fancy  prices  for  their 
apples.  But  they  are  looking  back- 
ward, not  ahead. 

As  a  whole,  the  United  States  has  had 
a  great  apple  shortage  for  an  number 
of  years,  and  it  is  going  to  be  a  long 
time  before  we  get  back  to  the  per 
capita  production  of  twenty-five  years 
ago.  Yet  with  the  enormous  acreage 
of  apples  planted  and  to  be  planted  the 
growers  are  about  to  find  themselves 
in  a  much  different  position  from  that 
which  they  have  been  enjoying  for  the 
last  few  years.  Competition  is  growing 
stronger  and  markets  are  being  more 
plentifully  supplied.  Shipments  are  of 
necessity  being  made  to  more  distant 
points,  thereby  increasing  transporta- 
tion charges.  The  best  associations 
possible  will  find  themselves  unable  to 
continue  the  exorbitant  prices  hereto- 
fore received.  It  has  become  necessary 
to  sell  apples  at  a  price  that  the  com- 
mon people  can  afford  to  pay  in  order 
to  maintain,  or  what  is  more  important, 
to  increase  the  consumption.  You  will 
say  that  you  must  get  those  high  prices, 
or  nearly  so,  in  order  to  make  a  fair 
profit.  Yes,  that  is  right.  I  know  all 
about  it.  But  the  trouble  is  it  is  costing 
too  much  to  produce  those  apples.  We 
must  not  only  strive  to  lower  the  cost 
of  marketing  but  we  must  also  cheapen 
the  production.  There  are  a  great 
many  ways  that  will  help  toward 
growing  cheaper  apples,  but  I  am  only 
going  to  mention  one.  I  want  you  all 
to  listen.  Many  will  doubt,  some  will 
dispute,  but  I  want  to  tell  you  what  I 
know  to  be  true.  The  longest  and 
surest  step  toward  cheapening  the  pro- 
duction of  apples  is  to  grow  them  in 
conjunction  with  the  dairy  cow  and 
the  hog. 


ALL  THE 

Advantages  of 
Mountain  Life 

-Without  the 
Disadvantages 

ARE  TO  BE  HAD  IN 

Yellowstone 
National  Park 

Sumptuous  hotels-143 
miles  of  coaching  over 
Government  roads  thru 
scenery  and  wonders 
unique  in  all  the  world 
— fishing — glorious  out- 
door life  —  healthful 
recreation. 

Low  Fares  for 
Yellowstone 
Park  and 
Eastern  Trips 

Via  the  route  of  the  famous 
"Great  Big  Baked  Potato." 
Through  trains  to  Chicago, 
St.  Louis,  Minneapolis,  St. 
Paul  —  continuous  service 
to  Duluth  and  Superior. 
'  Standard  and  tourist  sleep- 
ing cars,  all  electric-lighted. 

Write  for  literature 
A.D.CHARLTON,  A.  G.  P.  A. 
PORTLAND,  OREGON 


A.  D.  CHARLTON,  A.  G.  P.  A.,  PORTUND 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


WHEN  WRITING  ADVERTISERS  MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


191 3 

I  have  no  message  just  now  for  the 
owner  of  the  large  commercial  orchard 
that  is  handled  only  on  an  investment 
basis,  where  those  interested  do  not 
live  upon  the  land.  But  for  the  average 
grower,  they  that  live  by  the  sweat  of 
the  brow,  they  that  make  their  home 
upon  the  farm,  they  that  are  striving 
to  live  and  rear  their  families  in  peace, 
happiness  and  prosperity,  for  these,  the 
cream  of  American  citizens,  I  wish  to 
say,  specialize  in  apples  if  you  will, 
but  whether  you  have  five  acres  or 
fifty,  my  advice  is,  and  always  has 
been,  plant  not  more  than  half  of  your 
land  to  orchard.  Put  a  portion  of  the 
rest  into  alfalfa  and  grow  enough  other 
feeds,  such  as  corn  and  root  crops,  to 
support  as  many  cows  and  pigs  as  you 
can  well  handle.  Add  to  these  a  good 
flock  of  chickens  and  you  are  always 
assured  of  a  good  living,  a  steady  in- 
come the  year  around,  your  labor  will 
be  most  evenly  divided  throughout  the 
year  and  you  become  rather  indepen- 
dent of  market  conditions.  With  only 
apples  to  sell  you  may  find  it  difficult 
to  move  them  just  when  you  want  to 
without  serious  loss.  You  are  not  sure 
just  when  your  returns  will  be  made. 
At  the  best  the  entire  sales  must  be 
made  through  the  fall  and  early  winter. 
There  is  a  long  period  with  nothing 
coming  in.  On  the  other  hand,  with 
the  cows  making  regular  returns  every 
month  in  the  year,  a  bunch  of  pork 
that  may  be  arranged  to  go  off  at  the 
time  when  you  will  need  the  money 
most,  you  have  a  business  yielding  a 
steady  income  which  is  always  the 
most  advantageous.  A  given  amount  of 
money,  coming  in  in  regular  install- 
ments weekly  or  monthly,  is  bound  to 
do  more  good  than  the  same  amount 
handed  you  in  a  bunch  once  a  year.  If 
the  work  is  properly  planned  the  cow, 
the  hog  and  the  orchard  need  not  con- 
flict to  any  great  exent  and  you  have 
the  great  impetus  of  varied  employ- 
ment, which  makes  the  days  shorter, 
the  tasks  lighter  and  the  life  span 
longer.  And  furthermore,  where  a 
single-crop  system  is  practiced  there 
is  generally  nothing  returned  to  the 
land.  It  is  just  drain,  drain,  drain  from 
one  year's  end  to  another,  and  your 
land  is  continuously  getting  poorer. 
You  must  work  harder  and  harder 
each  year  endeavoring  to  keep  up  to 
your  standard  yield.  On  the  other 
hand,  with  your  cows,  pigs  and  chick- 
ens, with  the  pi'oper  handling  of 
manure,  you  are  building  up  instead  of 
running  down  your  land. 

In  taking  up  the  dairy  business  the 
same  general  principles  apply  as  when 
starting  an  orchard.  Do  the  best  you 
possibly  can  in  every  particular.  First 
determine  what  breed  is  best  suited  to 
your  conditions.  Select  a  good  dairy 
breed,  of  course,  and  make  your  choice 
one  that  will  most  likely  satisfy  your 
personal  inclinations.  Get  the  best 
stock  you  can  possibly  afford  to  buy. 
Get  cows  in  which  the  milk-making 
habit  is  firmly  fixed,  for  that  habit  of 
making  milk  out  of  feed  is  all  you  need 
expect  from  the  cow.  And  here  is  a 
little  story  to  illustrate  that  point:  A 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  57 


Save^O%to;60% 

Onluinl>er  and  Millwork 


Don't  pay  five  profits 


That's  what  you  do  when  you  buy  of  your  local  lumber  dealer.  Buy  of  us  and  vou 
buy  of  the  producer.  We  are  one  of  the  bigg-est  Independent  lumber  companies  in 
America;  own  thousands  upon  thousands  of  acres  of  choice  Western  timber.  Do 
our  own  cutting,  logging,  railroading;  operate  six  huge  mills, 
where  we  produce  every  day  20  or  30  carloads  of  lumber 
and  millwork. 

Buy  direct  from  our  six  mills 

Besides  40%  to  60%  saving  in  price  we  offer  you 
better  materials,  efficient  deliveiw  service  and 
guaranteed  satisfaction. 

Immediate  shipments 

We  carry  immense  stocks.  Miles  and  miles 
of  lumber  piles  and  warehouses  groaning  with 
millwork  await  your  order.  Make  all  ship- 
ments within  24  to  48  hours. 

Better  quality  guaranteed 

Our  timber  tracts  are  in  the  famous  Puget 
Sound  region.  Noted  for  big  trees.  Our 
lumber  is  straight,  free  from  sap  and  knots. 
Exceedingly  durable. 

Send  us  your  list  of  materials 

Quit  paying  40%  to  60%  too  much  for  lum- 
ber of  inferior  quality.  Throw  off  this  unnec- 
essary burden  of  five  middlemen.  Get  our 
direct-to-you  figures.  Send  us  your  carpen- 
ter's material  list  for  prices  delivered  your 
station.  We  ship  everything  for  building 
complete — lumber,  sash,  doors,  shingles,  mill- 
work,  hardware  and  paint. 

Mail  coupon  today  for  catalog  and  price  list 


Save 
40%  to  60 


0 


on  a  fir  silo 


The  big  expense  of  a  silo  is  the 
material.  By  saving  40%  to  60%  on 
this  item  you  can  get  a  silo  of  finest 
quality  fir,  at  the  usual  cost  of 
inferior  material.  No  wood  in  the 
world  better  for  silos  than  Puget 
Sound  fir. 

Seattle  Silos 

have  patented 
swinging  doors 

Far  the  best  of  their  kind.  Quick- 
detachable,  with  special  iron  cross- 
bar or  hoop  connection.  The  steel 
door  bars  form  solid  ladder  from 
which  hoops  can  be  tightened — the 
result  of  a  new  invention. 

Tou  need  a  silo.    Don't  miss  this 
chance  to  get  a  good  one  at  the 
lo^\est  price  on  record. 


HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK  CO. 

410  Crary  Building,  Seattle 
Kindly  send  the  following,  quoting  prices  delivered 
my  station: 

(      )  Catalog  of  lumber  and  millwork. 
(      )  Special  silo  folder. 

Name  

Address  

Business  

I  am  planning  to  build  as  follows:  

(Be  sure  to  write  plainly) 


little  boy  was  making  a  cigarette.  A 
man  asked  him  for  a  paper,  then  for 
tobacco,  and  the  boy  readily  accom- 
modated him.  When  the  cigarette  was 
made  the  man  requested  a  match.  As 
the  boy  handed  it  over  he  remarked, 
"Say,  all  you've  got  is  the  habit,  ain't 
it?"  Like  the  man,  all  the  cow  has  is 
the  habit.  If  you  expect  her  to  indulge 
in  that  habit  you  must  furnish  the 
"makings,"  even  to  the  match.  The 
makings  are  the  feed,  water  and  gen- 
eral care.  The  match  to  complete  the 
process  is  represented  by  the  brains  of 
the  owner.  You  must  put  brains  into 
the  dairy  business  if  you  would  take 
dollars  out. 

The  hog  question  is  answered  much 
the  same  as  the  cow.  Procure  always 
the  best  possible  stock  and  then  be  sure 
that  you  breed  up  and  not  down. 
Handle  your  pigs  in  such  a  way  that 
you  will  have  them  ready  for  market 
at  the  most  advantageous  time,  prefer- 
ably at  the  season  when  your  other 
crops  are  likely  to  be  making  their 
lowest  returns.    I  might  go  on  talking 


cows  and  hogs  all  day,  but  I  think  I've 
said  about  enough.  In  finishing  I  want 
to  tell  you  this:  The  time  is  coming, 
and  it  is  not  far  off  either,  when  you 
will  all  be  glad  enough  to  listen  to  this 
kind  of  talk  and  will  be  ready  to  com- 
bine the  cow  and  the  hog  with  the 
orchard  business.  The  sooner  you 
come  to  it  the  better  it  will  be  for  you. 
The  sooner  a  large  majority  of  you 
come  to  it  the  better  it  will  be  for  the 
country  at  large,  for  the  farm  is  the 
basis  of  all  business,  the  keystone  of 
prosperity  and  the  life  of  the  whole 
world;  for  the  farmer  feeds  them  all. 
You  cannot  feed  them  entirely  on  fruit. 
Give  them  also  milk,  butter  and  meat. 
Therefore  you  must  come  to  the  grand 
combination,  the  cow,  the  hog  and  the 
orchard. 


Editor  Better  Fruit: 

Words  fail  to  express  my  thoughts  in  thanks 
and  appreciation  of  the  helpful  and  very  beau- 
tiful paper,  "Better  Fruit,"  that  you  publish 
for  the  small  sum  of  ten  cents  the  copy.  It 
ought  to  be  twenty-five  cents.  Yours  sincerely, 
Lars  Aresvik,  Malaga,  Washington. 


Page  38 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


Modern  Economy  Code 
Lieber's  Code 


A.  B.  C.  Code,  5th  Edition 
Western  Union  Code 


Cable  Address:  Bilberries 

H.  Olflf  &  Sohn 

Hamburg,  Germany 

Fruit  Merchants  and 
Commission  Agents 

SPECIALTIES: 

American  Apples  and 
West  India  Bananas 


Representative  in  New  York: 
M.  C.  HALL,  76  Park  Place 

Representative  in  the  North w^est: 
C.  W.  WILMEROTH,  Seattle,  Washington 

Our  olRce  building,  as  shown  by  the  picture  on  the 
side,  is  located  right  opposite  the  new  Central  Fruit 
and  Vegetable  Market  and  equipped  with  all  modern 
accommodations. 


Cover  Crops  and  Shade  Crops 

By  Professor  C.  I.  Lewis,  Oregon  Agricultural  College,  Corvallis 


THE  average  orchardist  in  the  Pacific 
Northwest  practices  what  is  known 
as  the  clean  tillage  system.  By  this  sys- 
tem we  mean  a  spring  preparation  of 
the  ground,  which  generally  consists  of 
plowing  and  thorough  harrowing,  fol- 
lowed by  frequent  shallow  stirrings  of 
the  soil  during  the  summer  to  prevent 
the  soil  from  baking  and  cracking  and 
to  prevent  the  growth  of  weeds.  The 
methods  of  tillage,  the  amount  that  is 
given,  etc.,  vary  with  the  soil,  the  vari- 
ety of  fruit,  age  of  trees,  etc.  It  is  felt 
by  most  growers  that  this  system  of 
orcharding  is  by  far  the  best;  that  it  is 
giving  results  that  cannot  be  secured  in 
any  other  way.  Such  tillage  is  sup- 
posed to  keep  the  ground  in  good 
physical  condition;  to  increase  the 
water-holding  capacity  of  the  soil;  to 
place  the  soil  in  such  condition  that  it 
catches  the  spring  rains  and  holds  them 
for  the  growth  of  the  trees  during  the 
dry  months;  that  it  prevents  rapid 
evaporation  and  loss  of  moisture  from 
the  surface  of  the  soil;  that  it  promotes 
nitrification;  causes  decomposition  of 
organic  matter,  thus  forming  humus 
and  setting  free  nitrogen;  in  short,  that 
it  produces  those  physical,  chemical 
and  biological  conditions  that  are 
essential  for  the  best  tree  growth. 
There  is  absolutely  no  doubt  that  this 
system  of  tillage  brings  the  best  results 
for  our  young  orchards,  for  wherever 


the  trees  are  grown  in  sod  or  are 
neglected  in  any  way  the  succeeding 
growth  under  our  climatic  conditions 
is  not  as  satisfactory  as  where  intensive 
tillage  is  practiced.  When  the  trees, 
however,  become  mature  and  reach  the 
age  of  from  ten  to  twenty  years,  we 
notice  that  changes  have  taken  place. 
The  soil,  instead  of  being  in  better  tilth 


and  better  condition,  is  getting  lumpy 
if  it  is  a  clay  loam,  or  is  becoming  ex- 
ceedingly light  if  it  is  a  silt  loam.  The 
trees  no  longer  have  the  green,  vigor- 
ous color  that  they  formerly  had — in 
fact  there  is  a  yellow  tinge  to  the 
foliage  and  the  trees  seem  to  be  going 
into  their  dormant  period  by  late  sum- 
mer or  early  fall.  It  is  only  with  diffi- 
culty that  we  are  maintaining  the  size 
of  our  apples.  Core  rot,  winter  injury, 
little  leaf,  or  apple  rosette,  are  begin- 


FRUIT  GROWERS,  YOUR  ATTENTION 

Royal  Ann,  Bing  and  Lambert  cherry  trees;  Spitzenberg  and 
Newtown  apple  trees;  Bartlett,  Anjou  and  Comice  pears,  and 
other  varieties  of  fruit  trees. 


MONTE  VISTA  NURSERY 


A.  HOLADAY 


SCAPPOOSE,  OREGON 


Real  Estate 

Twenty-five  years'  residence  in 
Hood  Eiver.  Write  for  informa- 
tion regarding  the  Hood  Eiver 
Valley.  Literature  sent  upon  re- 
quest. Address  all  communica- 
tions to 


W.  J.  BAKER  &  CO.,  Hood  River,  Oregon 


1   ■*  i 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  SQ 


Electric  Service  on  the  Farm 
gives  you  Comfort  besides  Economy 

The  value  of  G-E  Motors  on  the  farm  has  been  proved. 
Hundreds  of  fruit  growers,  stockmen  and  farmers  now  realize 
that  irrigating  and  other  farm  work  done  by  electric  power 
is  far  more  economical  than  that  performed  by  any  other  form 
of  power. 

But  besides  saving  time,  labor  and  money,  there  are  many 
comforts  which  you  can  add  to  your  home  by  the  use  of  the 
same  electric  service  you  employ  for  one  of  the  many  types  of 

G-IT  Electric  Motors 
JLji  For  Farm  Use 

You  can  have  the  convenience,  economy,  safety  and  pleas- 
ure of  electric  lights — your  women  fulks  can  cook,  wash,  iron 
and  clean  by  electricity — and  in  Summer  you  can  have  electric 
fans  and  operate  a  small  refrigerating  plant. 

G-E  Electric  Motors  cost  little  to  buy  and  little  to  run — 
they  are  so  simple  that  anybody  can  operate  one — so  strongly 
made  and  with  so  few  parts  that  repairs  and  replacements 
are  far  less  than  with  an  engine — so  reliable  that  you  are  sure 
of  power  when  and  where  you  want  it — so  safe  that  there  is 
no  fire  risk  and  no  added  insurance  as  with  engines. 

Before  you  decide  on  any  form  of  power  for  farm  work,  be 
sure  to  get  and  read  our  interesting 
and  practical  booklets  on  Electricity 
on  the  Farm.  Write  for  them  today 
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ning  to  become  very  troublesome,  in 
fact  the  trees  are  showing  signs  of 
suffering.  A  careful  examination  will 
show  that  the  trees  are  receiving  less 
moisture  and  less  food  the  older  they 
get;  whereas  they  should  require  more. 
What  is  the  trouble?  Simply  that  the 
constant  tillage  has  burned  out  the  or- 
ganic matter  of  the  soil,  thus  depriving 
it  of  humus  and  nitrogen.  The  physical 
condition  of  the  soil  has  become  im- 
paired. The  remedy,  to  restore  again 
organic  matter.  But  the  orchardist 
says:  "Surely  fruit  trees  do  not  re- 
quire very  much  food.  Why,  there  are 
apple  trees  in  the  East  two  hundred 
years  old  still  in  vigorous  condition." 
If  our  readers  will  but  take  time  to 
look  up  a  few  tables  they  will  find  that 
over  a  twenty-year  period  a  crop  of 
.apples  takes  out  more  plant  food  than 


an  average  crop  of  wheat  in  the  same 
length  of  time.  The  only  reason  that 
the  orchard  soils  do  not  seem  to  be- 
come depleted  as  rapidly  as  grain  or 
farm  crop  soils  is  that  the  trees  feed 
in  a  greater  area.  What  can  we  do  to 
restore  the  soil  to  its  normal  condition, 
to  keep  the  soil  in  a  more  uniform  con- 
dition as  regards  the  heat,  the  moisture 
and  the  plant  food?  The  answer  will 
be,  grow  cover  crops. 

By  a  cover  crop  we  mean  a  crop 
which  is  sown  in  the  summer  or  fall 
of  the  year,  is  allowed  to  grow  during 
the  winter  and  is  plowed  under  in  the 
spring.  Its  benefits?  In  a  word,  they 
are  simply  to  overcome  these  very  de- 
fects of  tillage.  The  cover  crop  will 
add  the  organic  matter  which,  in  de- 
caying, forms  the  humus  and  nitrogen. 
It  will  improve  the  physical  condition 


of  the  soil  and  will  restore  it  to  that 
former  condition,  which  is  so  desirable. 

In  growing  cover  crops  there  are  a 
number  of  things  to  be  observed. 
First,  the  time  of  planting.  In  many 
cases  the  growers  put  the  seed  in  too 
late.  It  should  be  planted  the  last 
week  in  August  or  in  the  early  part  of 
September,  and  should,  preferably,  be 
drilled  in  where  conditions  will  allow. 
It  may  be  that  in  time  we  shall  get 
cover  crops  that  we  can  plant  later  in 
the  season  and  still  get  satisfactory 
growth.  When  the  seed  is  drilled  in  it 
comes  up  more  uniformly,  there  is  a 
better  stand,  and  even  though  the 
ground  seem  dry  at  this  season,  it  is 
surprising  to  see  how  well  the  seed 
germinates  when  drilled  in,  and  with 
the  first  fall  rains  it  grows  very  rap- 
idly. Where  one  has  a  little  irrigation 
water  it  will  be  found  to  be  of  great 
benefit  in  assisting  the  cover  crop  to 
get  a  start. 

What  are  the  plants  to  use?  There 
are  three  classes.  First,  there  are  the 
nitrogenous  plants,  which  we  believe 
have  the  power  of  taking  nitrogen  from 
the  atmosphere  and  storing  it  in 
nodules  on  the  roots,  and  when  these 


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July 


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'Look  for  Elyria-Dean  where  Quality's  Seen" 


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True-to-Name  Nursery 

INCORPORATED 

HOOD  RIVER- DUFUR,  OREGON 
Wholesale  and  Retail — Sixteen  years  in  the  business 

We  ofTer  for  fall  and  spring  1912-13:  Apple,  pear,  cherry,  peach,  apricots,  plums  and 
prunes  of  the  leading  varieties  adapted  to  this  locality.  These  are  all  grown  on  No.  1 
whole  roots  from  buds  and  scions  selected  from  the  best  bearing  trees  in  Hood  River, 
hence  we  are  in  a  position  to  not  only  guarantee  our  trees  true-to-name,  but  of  the  best 
bearing  strains.    Commercial  orchard  plantings  our  specialty. 

If  interested,  write  us — We  have  what  you  want 

Addres.  TRUE-TO-NAME  NURSERY  ^""^^orio^^*" 


roots  decay  this  nitrogen  is  set  free 
so  that  the  trees  can  obtain  it.  Nitro- 
gen is  the  so-called  vital  element. 
Without  a  fair  amount  of  it  in  the  soil 
it  is  impossible  to  get  satisfactory 
growth.  It  is  the  substance  which  pro- 
duces the  vigorous  green  color  of  our 
trees  and  gives  them  their  vigorous 
wood  and  leaf  growth,  and  when  used 
to  excess  affects  the  color  of  the  fruit, 
preventing  the  red  apples  from  taking 
on  their  natural  color.  The  second 
class  of  cover  crops  are  those  which 
seem  to  have  the  power  of  working  up 
the  raw  plant  food  which  is  in  the  soil. 
They  feed  strongly  on  potash  and  thus 
make  this  element  more  available. 
These  include  such  crops  as  the 
mustard,  rape  and  cowhorn  turnips. 
The  third  class  are  of  value  principally 
in  that  they  furnish  fiber,  organic  mat- 
ter, and  a  certain  amount  of  plant  food 
is  made  available  by  their  decay.  They 
include  such  crops  as  weeds,  oats,  rye, 
barley,  etc. 

The  most  common  nitrogenous  crops 
used  here  on  the  Coast  are  the  vetches. 
In  Western  and  Southern  Oregon, 
where  mild  winters  are  experienced, 
what  is  commonly  known  as  the  Ore- 
gon vetch,  or  Vicia  sativa,  is  the  more 
common  one  used.  In  regions  where 
dry  soil  and  severe  winter  conditions 
prevail  the  Vicia  vellosa  is  preferable. 
It  is  a  little  slower  grower  in  the 
spring,  but  when  once  starting  into 
growth  makes  a  heavier  growth  than 
the  sativa.  There  are  probably  many 
other  crops  that  can  be  grown  to  ad- 
vantage in  certain  areas,  such  as  Bur 
clover,  Tangia  pea,  woolly-podded 
vetch,  bitter  vetch,  etc.  The  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  has 
been  co-operating  with  various  parts 
of  the  Northwest  in  furnishing  seeds 
of  some  of  these  crops.  Professor 
Lawrence  made  elaborate  tests  in  the 
Hood  River  Valley,  and  some  of  these 
will  be  continued  the  coming  year. 
The  experiment  stations  at  Talent,  in 
Southern  Oregon,  and  at  Hermiston,  in 
Eastern  Oregon,  as  well  as  the  home 
station  at  Corvallis,  are  carrying  on 
tests  concerning  the  best  crops  to  use 
under  the  various  conditions. 

Concerning  the  amount  of  seed  to 
use,  forty  pounds  of  vetch  and  ten 
pounds  of  rye  make  a  very  good  com- 
bination. However,  many  growers  are 
finding  that  where  the  hairy  vetch  is 
used  twenty  pounds  is  ample.  Oats 
twenty  pounds,  Canada  peas  one  hun- 
dred pounds,  rape  ten  pounds,  cow- 
horn  turnips  two  pounds  are  average 
amounts  that  are  being  used  and  are 
giving  good  results. 

In  attempting  to  grow  cover  crops 
for  the  first  time  the  grower  often  be- 
comes discouraged,  for  in  many  older 
orchards,  where  the  shade  is  heavy,  it 
is  hard  to  get  a  good  stand.  Again,  the 
growth  is  so  small  in  the  spring  of  the 
year  at  plowing  time  that  he  is 
tempted  to  wait  too  long,  until  the  crop 
becomes  heavy.  In  doing  this  he  gener- 
ally makes  a  mistake,  for  if  he  waits 
until  late  in  the  spring  to  plow  under  a 
heavy  cover  crop,  the  chances  are  that 
the  crop  has  taken  out  too  much  mois- 


WHEN   WRITING  ADVERTISERS  MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  41 


ture  from  the  ground,  and  should  the 
succeeding  weather  be  very  dry  the 
trees  might  suffer.  Again,  there  is  a 
great  danger  in  waiting  too  long  before 
plowing  in  crops  like  rye,  for  you  allow 
them  to  become  high,  and  then  they 
decay  very  slowly  in  the  soil,  and  the 
first  year  after  they  are  plowed  under 
they  actually  do  more  harm  than  good 
in  that  they  assist  in  drying  out  the 
soil.  The  best  rule  that  I  can  give  is 
to  plow  the  crop  in  at  the  time  you 
naturally  plow  the  orchard,  and  you 
will  find  in  subsequent  years  that  a 
better  growth  results. 

In  purchasing  seeds  locally  for  cover 
crops  it  is  not  necessary  that  they  be 
cleaned,  the  cheap  uncleaned  seed  often 
being  satisfactory,  in  that  the  growth 
of  weeds  with  the  cover  crop  does  no 
harm,  but  in  some  cases  serves  as  a 
good  nurse  crop. 

As  to  the  proper  rotation  to  use,  it 
will  depend  largely  upon  conditions. 
Where  trees  are  showing  yellow  color 
and  are  not  making  vigorous  growth, 
the  nitrogenous  crop  should  be  used. 
Where  the  trees  do  not  show  lack  of 
nitrogen  a  crop  like  cowhorn  turnips 
or  rape  might  prove  beneficial.  But 
where  the  trees  are  making  a  satisfac- 
tory growth,  but  the  ground  is  in  such 
shape  that  it  is  somewhat  hard  to 
handle,  a  crop  such  as  rye  or  oats  may 
prove  very  desirable.  Rye  has  one 
advantage  in  that  it  is  very  hardy  and 
will  germinate  with  a  minimum  amount 
of  moisture.  It  will  stand  more  drouth 
than  any  other  of  the  plants  mentioned 
in  orchard  cover  crop  work. 

Do  not  plant  a  cover  crop  in  your 
young  orchards  unless  you  feel  that  it 
is  needed.  It  costs  money;  seed  is 
expensive,  and  there  is  considerable 
extra  labor  in  planting,  and  plowing 
and  working  the  ground  after  the  cover 
crop  has  been  grown. 

A  shade  crop  is  a  crop  which  is 
grown  among  the  trees  during  the 
growing  season.  The  last  few  years 
many  orchardists  throughout  the  Pa- 
cific Northwest,  where  irrigation  can 
be  practiced,  have  adopted  the  shade 
crop.  It  is  felt  that  it  has  some  distinct 
advantages  over  the  clean  tillage  and 
cover  crop  combination.  First,  it  shades 
the  ground,  cuts  down  the  reflective 
light,  is  thought  to  keep  the  ground 
cooler  and  to  keep  it  in  a  more  uniform 
condition  as  regards  moisture  and  tem- 
perature. It  enables  the  orchardist  to 
grow  some  hay  for  his  horses  and  for 
the  family  cow,  or,  in  some  cases,  it 
allows  him  to  combine  orcharding  with 
certain  forms  of  livestock,  like  hogs,  to 
advantage.  It  is  adapted  principally  to 
irrigated  sections  and  is  not  used  to  any 
extent  until  the  trees  come  into  bear- 
ing. Those  who  have  used  the  shade 
crops  are  very  enthusiastic,  and  cer- 
tainly an  inspection  of  many  of  our 
orchards  in  which  the  shade  crops  are 
grown  will  satisfy  the  most  skeptical. 
The  trees  look  vigorous,  have  good 
color,  and  are  bearing  heavy  crops  of 
high  class  fruit.  The  crops  that  are 
used  for  shade  are  alfalfa,  clover,  such 
as  red,  alsike  and  crimson,  and  occa- 
sionally such  crops  as  peas  and  vetch. 


Did  you  have  Spray  troubles  last  season?  Some  growers  had 
very  serious  ones. 

WHAT'S  THE  USE? 

Why  risk  your  crop  by  using  new  and  untried  preparations? 
Let  your  Experiment  Station  do  the  experimenting. 

Why  not  use  an  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  that  has  successfully 
weathered  the  varied  climatic  conditions  of  Washington,  Oregon, 
Idaho  and  Montana  the  past  four  years? 

The  Grasselli  Brand  Has  Done  This 

IF  IN  DOUBT 

Ask  your  local  or  state  authorities.  They  are  best  qualified 
to  advise  as  to  local  conditions. 

A  FEW  OF  OUR  DISTRIBUTERS: 

Cashmere  Fruit  Growers'  Union     .       .       .  Cashmere,  Washington 

Denney  &  Co   Payette,  Idaho 

Hood  River  Apple  Growers'  Union        .       .  Hood  River,  Oregon 

Hardie  Manufacturing  Company     .       .       .  Portland,  Oregon 

Inland  Seed  Company   Spokane,  Washington 

Plough  Hardware  Company     ....  Wenatchee,  Washington 

Rogue  River  Fruit  and  Produce  Association  Medford,  Oregon 

C.  J.  Sinsel   Boise,  Idaho 

Yakima  County  Horticultural  Union     .       .  North  Yakima,  Washington 

Zillah  Fruit  Company   Zillah,  Washington 

Provincial  Fruit  Inspector       ....  Vancouver,  B.  C. 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

The  Grasselli  Chemical  Co. 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO 


FRUIT  I^BBl/^ 

FOR  BOXES/CANS.  BOTTLES,  £TC. 


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Page  42 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


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CUTAWAY 


HARROWS 


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You  need  at  least  one  of  them.: 
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which  are  allowed  to  mat  down  and 
re.seed  themselves.  Alfalfa  is  used  in 
a  great  many  sections  and  its  use  is 
increasing.  When  once  established  it 
makes  a  splendid  shade  crop  in  the 
orchard,  and  both  alfalfa  and  trees,  in 
the  majority  of  cases,  seem  to  do  well. 
The  only  question  that  arises  in  my 
mind  is,  should  it  at  any  time  become 
desirable  to  change  this  system  of 
orcharding — that  is,  if  the  trees  show 
that  they  are  getting  too  much  of  a 
good  thing,  so  to  speak — can  we  get  rid 
of  the  alfalfa?  And  if  we  can  get  rid 
of  the  alfalfa,  can  we  do  it  without 
injuring  our  trees  by  either  cutting  off 
too  many  feeding  roots,  on  the  one 
hand,  or  causing  the  liberation  of  too 
much  plant  food,  on  the  other?  It  may 
be  that  we  shall  never  need  to  take  the 
alfalfa  out  of  these  orchards,  and  that 
if  we  do  we  can  accomplish  it  without 
injuring  the  trees.  However,  this  is  a 
point  which  still  needs  to  be  experi- 
mented with  and  thoroughly  demon- 
strated. The  clovers  are  being  used 
very  extensively  in  some  sections,  and 
they  have  the  distinct  advantage  in  that 
they  can  be  pulled  out  very  easily. 

There  are  several  methods  used  in 
handling  shade  crops.  One  method  is 
to  grow  the  crops,  say  for  two  years, 
then  plow  the  ground  and  keep  it  in 
clean  tillage  for  at  least  a  year,  then 
reseed  to  shade  crop  again.  Another 
system  is  to  cut  one  crop,  which  is 
sometimes  put  in  the  barn  for  horse 
and  cow  feed.  The  second  crop  is 
allowed  to  go  to  seed.  The  orchard  is 
disked  in  very  early  spring  and  the 
new  seed  gives  a  splendid  growth. 
This  system  of  reseeding  is  practiced 
very  commonly  with  the  crimson  and 
red  clovers.  Another  system  used  is  to 
mow  the  crop  frequently  with  the 
mowing  machine  and  allow  the  crop 
to  decay  and  mat  down  on  the  surface 
of  the  ground.  Just  which  system  is 
the  best  would  perhaps  take  a  little 
time  to  demonstrate,  and  it  will  vary 
under  climatic  and  soil  conditions.  Age 
of  orchard,  type  of  tree,  etc.,  may  have 
an  influence  as  to  the  methods  to  use. 

As  to  the  time  of  putting  in  the  shade 
crop,  it  will  depend  largely  upon  local 
conditions.  In  some  sections  seed  can 
be  put  in  nicely  in  early  spring,  from 
March  to  May.  Other  regions  find  that 
July  is  a  better  time  to  seed.  The  Ore- 
gon Experiment  Station  has  started  a 
set  of  co-operative  experiments  in 
shade  crop  work  and  its  influence  on 
orchard  conditions.  To  those  orchard- 
ists  who  are  not  satisfied  with  the  gen- 
eral vigor  of  their  trees  or  the  returns 
in  fruit  that  they  are  receiving,  I  would 
.suggest  the  .shade  crop,  where  abundant 
irrigation  can  be  secured,  and  the  crop 
that  I  recommend  above  all  others  is 
the  clover.  In  a  few  more  years  we 
are  going  to  know  more  definitely 
about  the  alfalfa.  There  are  now 
orchards  in  the  Northwest  that  have 
had  alfalfa  in  for  six  or  seven  years 
and  the  growers  are  still  satisfied  with 
the  results.  There  might  be  conditions, 
however,  where  the  alfalfa  would  not 
be  desirable  for  this  length  of  time  in 
the  orchard. 


F*pcss  tine 
Culled  Stoek 
Into  IVIoney 

Don't  allowapples  and  other  fruit 
to  lie  rotting  on  the  ground. 
Thousands  of  bushels  are  now 
lost  that  might  be  turned  into 
money  by  using  one  of  our 


CiDERm  Presses 


Conserve  these  wastes  by 
turning  this  fruit  into 
cider,  vinegar  or  fruit 
uices,  from  which  large 
profits  can  be  made. 
Write  us  and  let  us 
show  vou  how. 
BOOIVIER&BOSCHERT  PRESS  CO. 
346  W,WaterSt.,Syracuse,N.Y. 
Estnblished  1872. 


Hood  River  Grown  Nursery  Stock 

for  Season  1911-1912 

Standard  Varieties 
Prices  Right  and  Stock  First  Class 

C.  D.  THOMPSON,  Hood  River,  Oregon 


ELASTIC  PRUNING  PAINT 

Saves  Girdled  Trees,  Heals  Cuts  and  Wounds.  Prevents 
Decay,  Stops Bleediiigin  Pruning,  Inures  FunKUsUrowth 
A  Positive  and  Eflectual  Remedy  lor  the  Treatment 
of  Fruit  and  Shade  Trees  When  Damaged .  Use  any 
time  of  the  year.  Write  lor  Prices  and  Catalog-. 

Fruit  Growers' Supply  Depot.  Best  Tools  of  All  Kinds, 
especially  for  Trimming  Trees,  etc.  Best  Harrows  tor 
Levelinfr  Purposes. 

E.  G.  MENDENHALL,  BOX  BF,  KINMUNDY,  ILLINOIS 


There  will  NEVER  be  enough  num- 
ber one  apples — AEWAYS  too  many- 
cider  apples.    Don't  waste  your  time 
and  your  trees  growing  inferior  grniies. 
Use  "Scaletide"  the  one  sure  spray  for 
San  Jose  scale,  and  produce  niiniher 
one  fruit.  "Scalecide"  is  100?J  efficient 
against  scale  and  has  marked  fungi- 
cidal properties.  Used  by  best  orchard- 
ists  tlie  w  orld  over.   Endorsed  by  Ex- 
periment Stations.     Our  SERVICE 
DEI'ARTMENT  furnishes  everything 
for  tlie  orchard.    Write  today  to  Dept. 
■  D"for  new  booklet— "Pratt's  Hand- 
book for  Fruit  Growers"  and  "Scale- 
cide  tlie    Tree  Si\er."     Both  free. 
B.    G    PRATT  COMPANY 
50  Church  Street    New  York  Citv 


50-gallon    barrel    delivered    to    any  railroad 
station  in  the  United  States,  $30 


"MONARCH'' 
Cider  Press 

will  net  more  money 
for  you  than  any  other 
investment  you  can 
make.  lObbl.  to400bbl. 
per  day.  Also  makers 
of  apple  butter  cookers, 
evaporators,  etc. 

A.  B.  FARQUHAR  CO..  Ltd.,  Boxll2,  York.  Pa. 


Portland  Wholesale 
Nursery  Company 

Rooms  1  and  2  Lambert-Sargeant  Building 
Corner 

East  Alder  Street  and  Grand  Avenue 
PORTLAND,  OREGON 


HANUREINCARLOTS 

stockyards    manure  in 
car  lots.  $1  per  ton,  f.o.b. 
cars.  North  Portland. 
■''T7RTl>*"  Book  your  orders  early. 

PORTLAND  UNION  STOCKYARDS  CO. 
North  Portland,  Oregon 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


19 1 3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  ^3 


The  Oregon  Experiment  Station  be- 
gan recommending  strongly  the  use  of 
shade  crops  in  1908-9,  and  has  been 
advocating  the  general  use  of  shade 
crops  and  cover  crops  since,  and  it  is 
gratifying  to  see  that  the  orchardists 
are  more  and  more  adopting  these 
methods  of  improving  the  general  con- 
dition of  their  orchards.  If  any  have 
had  any  special  experience  in  the  use 
of  shade  or  cover  crops  I  shall  feel 
very  much  gratified  if  they  will  write 
to  me  at  Corvallis  and  give  me  the 
benefit  of  their  experience. 

For  growers  who  are  using  the  shade 
crop  for  the  first  time  a  word  of  cau- 
tion is  necessary;  especially  is  this  true 
if  the  grower  has  had  little  experience 
with  irrigation.  In  the  spring  and  early 
sunmier  the  ground  may  become  very 
dry,  in  fact,  too  dry,  before  the  orchard- 
ist  suspects  it.  If  the  ground  gets  dry 
you  are  no  better  off  than  if  you  were 
allowing  a  rank  growth  of  weeds  to 
grow.  Watch  your  subsoil  carefully; 
get  a  soil  auger  and  make  frequent 
borings;  don't  allow  the  ground  to  get 
dry.  When  you  irrigate,  water  thor- 
oughly; give  the  ground  a  good  wetting. 
If  you  do  not  look  out  you  will  simply 
moisten  the  top  soil  and  the  subsoil 
may  be  as  dry  as  powder.  This  shallow 
irrigation  will  make  shallow-rooted 
trees.  If  you  are  using  the  rill  system 
you  may  not  get  enough  water  close  to 
the  trees.  Either  run  your  rill  close  to 
the  tree  or  else  make  some  basins  or 
short  rills  at  right  angles  to  the  main 
rills,  so  you  can  get  water  to  the  feed- 
ing roots  of  the  trees.  Only  by  using 
the  auger  frequently  can  you  be  sure 
that  you  are  keeping  the  subsoil  in 
good  condition.  Frequent  borings  un- 
der the  branches  of  the  trees  will  tell 
you  whether  the  trees  are  getting 
enough  water. 


Horticultural  Exhibit 

"The  livest  exhibit  that  has  ever  been 
made  at  any  exposition"  is  the  brief 
description  given  to  the  horticultural 
display  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Interna- 
tional Exposition  by  Mr.  George  A. 
Dennison,  whose  appointment  as  chief 
of  the  department  of  horticulture  for 
the  exposition,  has  just  been  announced 
by  President  Charles  C.  Moore  of  the 
Universal  Exposition  of  1915.  Mr. 
Dennison  has  a  wide  experience  in  his 
new  field.  For  many  years  he  was 
associated  with  the  old  California 
State  Board  of  Trade,  an  organization 
devoted  to  the  upbuilding  of  the  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  interests  of 
the  state,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  valuable  services  to  that  organi- 
zation. He  was  subsequently  secretary 
of  the  California  commission  at  the  St. 
Louis  Exposition  and  of  the  state  com- 
mission at  the  Portland  and  Seattle 
expositions.  At  Seattle  he  was  also 
secretary  of  the  Executive  Commis- 
sioners' Association.  He  has  also 
served  with  great  distinction  on  sev- 
eral international  juries  on  horticul- 
ture at  previous  expositions,  and  his 
experience  in  the  exposition  world 
will   be   invaluable   to   the  Panama- 


Ridley,Houldmg&Co. 

COVENT  GARDEN,  LONDON 

Points  to  remember  when  consigning 
apples  to  the  London  Market 

1.— We  Specialize  in  Apples 

2.— All  Consignments  Receive  Our 
Personal  Attention 

3.-The  Fruit  is  Sold  by  Private  Treaty 
on  its  Merits 


CABLE  ADDRESS:    BOTANIZING,  LONDON 


Bryan  Clamp 
Trucks 


Attention  Fruit  Packers! 

Clamp  Trucks 

FOR  ALL  PURPOSES 

THE  GREATEST  modern  labor  and  money  saver  that  can 
be  put  Into  a  packing  house.  Just  the  thing  for  grape  crates 
and  all  kinds  ol  fresh  fruit.  Special  styles  for  special  purposes. 
Also  peach  and  apple  sizers,  washers  and  cleaners- 

Write  for  Prices  and  Particulars 

CALIFORNIA  IRON  WORKS 

Riverside,  California 


Arcadia  Irrigated  Orchards 

The  largest  and  most  succ^sful  orchard 
project  in  the  entire  West 

7,000  acres  planted  to  winter  apples.  Gravity  irriga- 
tion. Located  22  miles  north  of  Spokane,  Washing- 
ton, directly  on  the  railroad.  We  plant  and  give  four 
years'  care  to  every  orchard  tract  sold.  $125,  first 
payment,  secures  5  acres ;  $250,  first  payment,  secures 
10  acres;  balance  monthly. 


Send  for  booklet 


Arcadia  Orchards  Company 

Deer  Park,  Washington 


WHEN    WRITING  ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  44 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


The  Ideal  Picking  Bag 


Most  satisfactory  receptacle  made  for 
gathering-  fruit.  Made  out  of  12-ounce 
canvas.  Spring  steel  frame.  Straps  cross- 
ing shoulders,  eliminating  all  weight  on 
neck.  Our  own  patented  side  fasteners, 
doing  away  with  any  lifting  to  dump.  No 
buckles,  snaps  or  seams  to  mar  the  fruit 
in  emptying. 

Now  Sold  by  the  Following  Dealers 

at  Sl.oO  each,  three  for  84.00 
or  SI 5.00  per  dozen 

Morgan-McKaig  Co.,  North  Yakima,  Wash. 
Zillah  Fruit  Co.,  Zillah,  Wash. 
Plough  Hardware  Co.,  Wenatchee,  Wash. 
Grandview  Hardware  Co.,  Grandview,  Wash. 
J.  C.  Willson  &  Co.,  Kettle  Falls,  Wash. 
P.  M.  Spoolstra  &  Son,  Granger,  Wash. 
The  Reece  Company,  Sunnyside,  Wash. 
Milton  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Freewater,  Ore. 
Kennewick  Fruit  &  Produce  Co.,  Kennewick, 
Wash. 

John  Smith  Company,  Walla  Walla,  Wash. 

Agents  Wanted 

If  your  dealer  does  not  handle,  send 
check  and  we  will  send  prepaid  at  above 
prices. 


Fruit  Growers'  Supply  Co, 

SPOKANE,  WASHINGTON 


Showing  Cherry  Packer  at  "Work. 


Cherries  in  Cartons 

WILL  BRING 

BETTER  RETURNS 

THAN  EVER  THIS  YEAR 

GET  TOUR  ORDERS  IN  EARLY 

Common  Sense  Fruit  Carrier  Co. 

p.  0.  Box  167,  San  Jose,  California 
346  Sansonie  St.,  Sail  Francisco,  California 

4®"N0TE— This  carton  is  patented  and  any  infringe- 
ment "will  be  promptly  and  energetically  prosecuted. 


COWS  AND  FRUIT 


FORM  A  WINNING  COMBINATION 

THEY  GO  HAND  IN  HAND 


The  dairy  farmer  is  generally  a  fruit  grower,  and  the  successful  fruit  grower 
is  generally  the  owner  of  good  cows,  because  he  realizes  that  diversified  farming 
is  what  brings  success.  The  dairy  cow  plays  an  important  part  on  a  profitable 
farm  because  she  is  always  on  the  job. 

OUR  OFFER  TO  READERS  OF  "BETTER  FRUIT" 

Send  us  $1  for  Kimball's  Dairy  Farmer  three  years  and  a  copy 
of  Van  Pelt's  Cow  Demonstration  Book.  If  you  don't  think  either 
the  magazine  or  the  book  worth  that  much,  say  so,  and  we'll 
return  your  money. 

KIMBALL'S  DAIRY  FARMER,  published  twice  a  month,  contains  all  the 
practical  and  up-to-date  dairy  information,  besides  covering  general  farm  topics. 
Its  editors  and  contributors  write  not  from  theory,  but  from  knowledge  gained  by 
observation  and  study.  Every  issue  is  brimful  of  good,  sound  reading  matter  for 
everyone. 

VAN  PELT'S  COW  DEMONSTRATION  BOOK  explains  and  illustrates  the 
five  essential  points  of  a  productive  cow  and  tells  how  to  select  animals  that 
combine  these  points.    It  should  be  in  the  hands  of  everyone  who  milks  cows. 

Send  your  dollar  today 

KIMBALL'S  DAIRY  FARMER,  416  commergialstreet,  WATERLOO,  lOWA 


Pacific  International  Exposition.  In 
his  present  position  Mr.  Dennison  suc- 
ceeds Mr.  George  C.  Reeding  of  Fresno, 
who  was  compelled  to  relinquish  his 
duties  through  the  pressure  of  other 
business. 

In  a  statement  made  in  the  course  of 
an  interview,  Mr.  Dennison  has  ex- 
pressed his  assurance  that  the  1915 
exhibit  will  be  a  record-breaker,  as  he 
is  assisted  by  exhibits  conducted  under 
the  auspices  of  various  floral  associa- 
tions from  all  over  the  world  that  have 
promised  co-operation.  "The  aim  of  the 
department  of  horticulture,"  said  Mr. 
Dennison,  "is  to  present  the  great  ad- 
vancement which  has  been  made  in  the 
past  few  years  by  every  branch  of  the 
horticultural  industry.  From  what  is 
known  as  the  great  back-to-the-land 
movement,  the  creation  of  fine  country 
estates  and  the  advance  of  scientific 
application  to  horticultural  pursuits, 
there  has  arisen  an  insistent  demand 
for  orchard  products  of  the  highest 
merit,  and  also  for  a  more  compre- 
hensive application  and  a  more  intelli- 
gent treatment  of  ornamental  trees  and 
shrubs.  The  making  beautiful  of  a 
practical  thing  is  a  great  influence 
spreading  over  the  country.  Landscape 
architecture,  which  will  be  ably  repre- 
sented by  exhibits  from  the  leading 
architects  in  America,  goes  hand  in 
hand  with  plant  origination.  Indeed 
plant  origination,  a  scientific  under- 
taking, has  developed  into  a  regular 
occupation.  Where  plant  breeding  was 
once  a  mystery,  we  now  have  associa- 
tions and  plant-breeding  stations  all 
over  the  country.  The  product  of  the 
workers  along  this  line,  meeting  a  great 
requirement  and  giving  the  world  a 
creation  that  fulfills  the  demands  of  a 
necessity,  I  shall  endeavor  to  include 
in  the  exhibit.  Among  the  unusual  ex- 
hibits to  be  made  in  the  exposition  will 
be  the  most  magnificent  display  of 
orchids  ever  brought  together.  This 
will  be  a  complete  collection  of  all  the 
varieties  found  in  the  Philippines,  and 
will  be  made  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Taylor, 
director  in  chief  of  the  Philippine  com- 
mission. There  will  be  between  400 
and  500  varieties,  botanically  classified 
especially  for  the  information  of  the 
collector,  but  arranged  so  that  their 
beauty  may  be  enjoyed  by  all  visitors. 

"The  exposition  has  received  assur- 
ance of  co-operation  from  a  number  of 
the  most  prominent  horticulturists  in 
the  United  States.  There  will  be  a 
comprehensive  exhibit  of  the  remark- 
able results  in  the  impi'ovement  of 
fruit  varieties  by  Mr.  Luther  Burbank 
and  Mr.  Albert  Etter  and  the  unique 
results  of  Mr.  Carl  Purdy's  domestica- 
tion of  the  wild  flora.  While  Holland 
will  be  represented  in  this  world's  fair 
with  a  wonderful  display  of  bulbs, 
which  is  promised  to  outdo  any  pre- 
vious exposition  display  in  the  world, 
other  equally  enthusiastic  bulb  grow- 
ers have  promised  brilliant  displays. 
Some  of  the  world's  most  famous 
growers  of  gladiolis,  Bermuda  lilies, 
roses,  delphinums  and  rhododendrons 
will  be  sumptuously  represented  in  the 
exhibits,  and  Hawaii  has  prepared  for 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS    MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


19 1 3 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  45 


a  magnificent  collection  of  over  two 
hundred  varieties  of  hibiscus  and  tree 
ferns.  These  are  but  a  few  of  the  many 
interesting  nursery  and  floral  exhibits 
already  arranged  for.  There  are  nu- 
merous others,  equally  as  beautiful, 
promised.  Suggestions  and  promises 
for  support  are  coming  in  daily  from 
all  over  the  world.  Holland,  as  I  have 
mentioned,  will  be  well  reperesented, 
and  the  efforts  now  being  exercised  in 
other  parts  of  Europe  bespeak  many 
wonderful  exhibits  from  France  and 
England  particularly.  The  trophy  cup, 
valued  at  $1,000,  offered  by  the  exposi- 
tion to  the  creator  of  the  finest  un- 
named rose  shown  in  1915,  has  inter- 
ested rose  originators  all  over  the 
world,  and  already  some  of  the  greatest 
cultivators  in  the  great  rose  countries 
are  preparing  wonderful  contributions. 
Among  the  unique  exhibits  arranged 
for,  in  addition  to  those  of  general  in- 
terest, are  those  showing  the  olive  from 
its  growth,  through  its  processes  to  the 
market,  and  an  equipped  orange  house 
with,  possibly,  a  practical  fruit-canning 
establishment  in  operation  throughout 
the  period  of  the  exposition." 


The  Art  of  Expression 

"The  development  of  the  individual 
to  its  highest  and  best  is  the  first 
requisite  of  any  vital  religion."  It  is 
also  the  first  requisite  of  any  vital  edu- 
cation; and,  of  course,  in  the  true  art 
of  expression,  which  is  perhaps  more 
accurately  designated  by  the  newer 
term,  "speech  arts,"  is  broadly  educa- 
tional in  this  vital  way.  By  life  study 
and  pantomime,  observation — all  sense 
perception  is  quickened,  attention  is 
fixed  and  mental  concentration  is  in- 
tensified. By  the  association  of  ideas, 
the  memory  is  strengthened,  and  by  the 
exercise  of  discrimination  as  to  propor- 
tion and  values  taste,  judgment  and  the 
reasoning  faculties  are  cultivated.  By 
freeing  and  rendering  responsive  the 
vocal  apparatus,  together  with  the  en- 
tire physical  body,  the  voice  is  cul- 
tured, poise  is  gained  and  health  is 
improved.  An  acquaintance  with  the 
master  minds  of  literature  enlarges  the 
vocabulary  and  widens  the  thought 
range,  while  the  corresponding  growth 
of  the  imagination  and  of  the  emo- 
tional nature  broadens  the  life  vision 
and  the  heart  sympathies.  Finally,  the 
imperative  need  in  interpretative  ren- 
dition, of  self-adjustment  and  self- 
control  develops  inherent  capability, 
personality  and  will  power,  which 
tends  toward  that  aim  of  all  true  edu- 
cation— the  building  of  character. 
Thus  it  is  that  a  thorough  course  in 
the  art  of  expression  is  not  conducive 
to  the  spectacular  or  the  merely  orna- 
mental, but  furnishes  practical  equip- 
ment for  the  augmenting  of  success  in 
the  social,  business  and  professional 
worlds.  For  to  overcome  diffidence 
and  to  acquire  ease  of  bearing,  to  culti- 
vate the  voice  out  of  its  unnatural  dis- 
agreeableness — for  which  the  Ameri- 
cans are  noted — into  its  natural  beauty; 
to  form  habits  of  careful  valuation, 
prompt  opinion  and  decisive  action, — 


1  The  "Star" 

jk  Orchard  Ladder 

]|  1       \  "A            is  the  strong'est,  lightest  aiid  best  orchard  lad- 
/  j        \\\            der  on  the  market.    It  can  always  be  kept  in 
II         \  \\           perfect  condition  by  simply  tightening  the  bolt 
U         \  VI         that  is  xinder  every  step.    This  bolt  insures 

1                \  \\              HTfA+.v    QTirl    tpI  1  qT^iI i+i"tr        T'Ti A    '^SfiiiT"  OtpItjitH 

U        Ladder  is  DOUBLY  BRACED  where  the  hard- 
\  ft        est  strain  comes. 

1 1  1 

u   Valuable  Book  Free 

"                  \\\        A  practical  book  on  up-to-date  methods  and 
\\\       principles  of  pruning  orchard  trees  will  be 
\  W      sent  free  of  charge  to  any  orchardist  who  is  a 
\\\      member  of  a  fruit  growers'  association;  to 
"                     \\\     others  for  cost  of  mailing,  4c. 

1/  1 

If  the  "Star"  Orchard  Ladder 
is  not  carried  by  your  dealer, 
\                                                                write  us 

Union  Blind  and  Ladder  Co. 

3535  Peralta  Street,  OAKLAND,  CALIFORNIA 

Things  We  Are  Agents  For 

Knox  Hats 
Alfred  Benjamin  &  Co.'s  Clothing 

Dr.  Jaeger  Underwear 
Dr.  Deimel  Linen  Mesh  Underwear 
Dent's  and  Fownes'  Gloves 

Buffum  &  Pendleton 

311  Morrison  Street 
PORTLAND,  OREGON 


Besides  yoiir  regular  order  of 

Nursery  Stock 

be  sure  to  get  a  few 


11 


THIS  TEAE 

The  Vineland  Nursery  Co. 

Bo2  8 
Clarkston,  Washington 

AGENTS  WANTED 


Made  in  Oregon 


PICKERS-PRUNERS 

BASTIAN 

How  much  good  fruit  do  you  lose? 
Are  you  satisfied  to  lose  it? 

If  not,  get  the  Picker  tiiat  will  save  it — Bastian's — the  only 
one  that  picks  as  well  as  by  hand. 

PRUNERS — If  you  want  to  save  time  and  money,  get  Bas- 
tian's, the  most  powerful  and  easily  operated  pruners  on  th» 
market.  Hooks  for  heavy  work;  shears  for  light  work.  Standard 
lengths:  Pruners,  5  to  16  feet;  Shears  and  Pickers,  5  to  12  f«et. 
For  sale  by  all  the  best  dealers 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

Storey  Manufacturing  Co. 

214  Front  Street,  PORTLAND,  OREGON 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  46 


BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


"FOR  YOUR 
PRESSING 
NEEDS" 


106 


' '  When  the  juice  is  in  the  apple ' ' 

Mount  Gilead 
Cider  Presses 

"Why  not  convert  your  "ofE-grades, "  "wind 
falls,"  etc., /roOT  waste  to  loorth?  There's 
a  "juic}'"  profit  in  those  apples  for  you. 
A  Mount  Gilead  Cider  Press  Outfit  will 
get  it  all  out  and  put  it  in  your  pocket. 
Our  Cider  Evaporators,  Apple  Butter 
Cookers,  Vinegar  Generators,  Pasteurizers, 
etc. ,  are  mighty  profit  makers  too. 

Send  Now  for  New 
Illustrated  Catalog 

The  Hydraulic  Press  Mfg.  Co. 

60  Lincoln  Avenue,  Mount  Gilead,  Ohio 


CONTRACTORS  FOR  FENCE  CONSTRUCTION 

THOS.  C.  SOUEBEEK,  Manager 
224-225  Lambei  Eizcbange  Main  5645 


We  Fence  Anything  from  a 
Lawn  to  a  Railroad 

NATIONAL 

RABBIT-TIGHT  FENCE 

turns  the  b.abbits 

PORTIjAND,  oreoon 


D.  Crossley  &  Sons 


ESTABLISHED  1878 


Apples  for  New  York  and  Export 

CALIFORNIA,  OREGON,  WASHINGTON,  IDAHO  AND 
FLORIDA  FRUITS 

Apples  handled  in  all  European  markets  at  private  sale.  Checks 
mailed  from  our  New  York  office  same  day  apples  are  sold  on  the 
other  side.  We  are  not  agents;  WE  ARE  SELLERS.  We  make  a 
specialty  of  handling  APPLES,  PEARS  AND  PRUNES  on  the  New 

York  and  foreign  markets.    Correspondence  solicited. 

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Hood  River  Valley 

Has  special  Inducements  to  offer  this  year  to  people  looking  for  a 
home  to  raise  fruit 

We  have  an  ideal  climate;  our  scenery  is  unsurpassed,  and 
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ROBERTS  &  SIMMS,  Hood  River,  Oregon 


these  are  basic  elements  in  the  further- 
ance of  cuhure  and  attainment. — Emma 
Wilson  Gillespie,  principal  Gillespie 
School  of  Expression,  Portland,  Oregon. 


Birds  and  the  Fruitgrower 

State  Game  Warden  of  Oregon  Mr. 
Wm.  M.  Finley  is  endeavoring  to  se- 
cure the  Bob-white  quail  for  liberating 
in  Oregon.  All  Oregonians  will  remem- 
ber the  China  pheasant,  which  was  in- 
troduced into  Oregon  by  Judge  Denny 
a  few  years  ago  and  liberated  under 
the  restriction  that  they  were  not  to  be 
killed  for  a  number  of  years.  These 
birds  multiplied  very  rapidly  and  in- 
creased in  immense  numbers  through- 
out the  Willamette  Valley.  After  a  few 
years  they  became  sufficient  in  num- 
bers so  that  hunters,  during  the  season, 
were  allowed  to  kill  a  certain  number 
of  birds  per  day.  By  restricting  the 
number  of  birds  that  could  be  killed 
per  day  by  each  hunter  extinction  was 
prevented.  Birds  not  only  add  to  the 
attractiveness  of  the  country  but  are 
of  great  value  to  the  fruitgrower  inas- 
much as  they  are  great  destroyers  of 
worms  and  many  of  the  pests  and  in- 
sects which  attack  their  fruit.  Game 
birds,  in  addition  to  this,  add  a  value  to 
a  community  where  they  are  suffi- 
ciently abundant,  affording  elegant 
sport  for  hunters,  and  many  game, 
birds  like  the  China  pheasant  and  quail 
are  a  most  savory  dish  for  the  table. 
The  China  pheasant  multiplies  very 
rapidly  and  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful birds  in  the  world,  and  where  not 
hunted  too  vigorously  become  very 
tame.  A  flock  of  these  birds  make  their 
home  on  the  editor's  ranch  and  no  one 
is  allowed  to  kill  a  single  one.  They 
are  certainly  a  beautiful  sight.  The 
quail  thrives  in  California,  Eastern 
Oregon  and  Southern  Oregon,  and  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  further  efforts  will  be 
made  to  introduce  the  China  pheasant 
and  the  Bob-white  quail  throughout 
the  Northwest  in  general  so  that  every 
fruit-growing  section  in  Wa.shington, 
Oregon  and  Idaho  will  be  plentifully 
supplied  with  these  birds.  The  Cali- 
fornia quail  and  the  Bob-white  quail 
are  not  only  insect  eaters  but  weed 
eaters  as  well. 


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TRENTON,  NEW  JERSEY 


WHEN    WRITING   ADVERTISERS   MENTION    BETTER  FRUIT 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  47 


Ask  the  Man  Who  Owns  One 


Schellenger  Fruit  Grading  Machine  Co. 

(INCORPORATED) 

OGDEN,  UTAH 


Showing  Proper  Drying  Facilities  for  Prunes 

[Written  for  "Bettor  Fruit"] 


GROWERS,  driers  and  packers  of 
dried  fruits  should  constantly 
bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  they  are  not 
necessaries  of  life  like  flour  and  meat, 
which  must  be  had  at  any  cost,  no  mat- 
ter what  it  may  be,  but  they  are  semi- 
luxuries,  and  if  there  is  going  to  be  a 
dependable  market  for  them  it  must  be 
based  on  excellence  of  quality  and  re- 
liability in  keeping.  The  most  reliable 
of  cured  fruits  and  those  bringing  the 
highest  prices  to  the  growers  are  the 
prunes  cured  in  France.  These  are  en- 
tirely of  the  sweet  varieties  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Italian  or  so-called 
Oregon  prune,  which  is  semi-acid  in 
character,  and  until  the  two  years  pre- 
vious to  1912  sold  at  a  relatively  lower 
prices  than  the  sweet  prune.  In  1910-11 
the  two  kinds  sold  on  a  parity,  but  in 
1912  the  sweet  prune  took  the  lead  in 
price  again. 

We  will  speak  of  the  curing  of  the 
ordinary  or  so-called  stewing  prune  in 
France  first.  The  industry  there  is  not 
conducted  at  all  as  we  do  it.  There 
are  very  few  orchards  of  any  size,  but 
simply  a  few  trees  on  little  farms,  all 
the  land  between  them  being  enriched 
and  cultivated  in  other  crops.  When 
right  the  fruit  is  gathered,  washed,  put 
in  wicker  trays  and  placed  in  a  spent 
oven  at  a  low  temperature,  110-120°, 
which  is  sealed  up  and  no  circulation 
allowed.  After  eight  to  ten  hours  it  is 
taken  out  and  allowed  to  get  cold,  when 
the  oven  is  heated  to  a  higher  tem- 
perature, about  140-150°,  and  the  fruit 
returned,  the  oven  being  again  sealed 
up.  In  eight  to  ten  hours  the  fruit  is 
taken  out  and  cooled  as  before.  The 
oven  reheated,  the  fruit  replaced,  and 
a  slow  fire  kept  going,  while  a  rapid 
circulation  of  hot  air  is  allowed  to 
carry  off  the  moisture  from  the  evap- 
oration, and  when  finished  they  are 
sold  to  the  packers.  The  large  ones, 
by  some  process  that  I  am  unacquainted 
with,  are  converted  into  a  soft,  pliable 
dessert  prune  which  are  shipped  in 
hermetically  sealed  glass  jars  and 
bring    a    very   high   price    and  are 


strictly  a  luxury.  The  medium  and 
smaller  sizes  are  put  into  perfectly 
air-tight  receptacles,  then  placed  in 
retorts  and  heated  with  steam  to  make 
them  uniform  in  appearance,  after 
which  they  are  put  on  the  market, 
properly  packed.    The  process  of  dry- 


ing as  practiced  by  the  growers  de- 
velops in  them  a  sub-acid  flavor  and 
colors  the  skin  and  meat  black,  and 
yet  it  is  never  scorched,  and  if  prop- 
erly packed  will  keep  in  any  climate 
or  under  any  condition.  Some  years 
ago  the  writer  bought  from  a  merchant 
in  Philadelphia  a  couple  of  pounds  of 
imported  French  prunes.  He  told  me 
he  paid  twelve  and  one-half  cents  a 
pound  for  them  delivered,  which  would 
be  almost  ten  cents  per  pound  to  the 
packer  in  France.  I  spread  some  of 
them  on  a  shelf  in  a  book  case  in  a 
room  that  was  kept  warm  in  the  winter 
and  exposed  in  the  summer,  no  flies  or 
worms  got  into  them,  and  for  at  least 
fifteen  or  eighteen  months  they  re- 
tained their  lustre,  preserved  their 
flavor  and  never  did  sugar  only  in  the 
slightest  degree. 

It  was,  I  think,  ]SIr.  Lake,  who  made 
a  prune  and  hop  survey  of  European 
countries  for  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, who  said  that  the  growers  got 
an  average  of  about  five  cents  per 
pound  for  their  product.  I  think  as 
we  cure  our  prunes,  these  65-70  prunes 
that  I  got  in  Philadelphia  would  have 
graded  probably  ten  points  higher,  viz., 
55-60.  The  growers  get  very  high 
prices  for  their  larger  grades  that  are 
converted  into  dessert  prunes.  I  have 
gone  particularly  into  their  process  of 


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BETTER  FRUIT 


July 


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drying  and  packing  prunes  to  em- 
phasize the  necessity  of  the  applica- 
tion of  a  high  degree  of  heat  at  finish- 
ing to  attain  the  best  results,  as  is  done 
by  the  French  packers,  and  that,  too, 
without  a  possible  danger  of  scorching 
the  fruit.  In  another  way  we  can 
largely  do  the  same  thing  in  our  dryers 
here  is  we  will  prepare  to  do  it.  The 
essential  point  is  having  a  large  vol- 
ume of  highly-heated  air  passing  rap- 
idly over  the  fruit.  You  can  use  a  tem- 
perature over  200°  Fahrenheit  on 
Italians  if  you  will  keep  the  hot  air 
moving  rapidly.  I  know  what  I  am 
writing  about,  for  I  have  done  it  every 
year.  Another  point  is  the  construc- 
tion of  the  dryer,  that  is  as  to  whether 
you  will  have  the  fruit  in  the  early 
stages  of  evaporating  process  when 
the  temperature  is  low,  as  it  should  be 
in  moist  wai-m  air  or  dry  warm  air. 
I  think  that  there  is  no  question  but 
that  the  tunnel  form  of  dryer  is  the 
most  economical  to  operate,  as  under  a 
given  condition  of  the  fruit  and  at- 
mosphere the  product  will  be  obtained 
at  the  lowest  possible  cost.  No  one 
who  has  studied  the  subject  will  for  a 
moment  question  the  statement  that  the 
fruit  in  the  early  stages  of  evaporation 
should  be  kept  at  a  temperature  below 
140°  so  as  not  to  destroy  the  ferment 
diastose  which  converts  starch  into 
sugar,  and  by  that  means  develops  the 
entire  possibility  into  the  saccharine 
matter  which  the  fruit  contains. 
There  is  still  another  question.  The 
fruit  in  the  early  stages  of  drying  in  a 
tunnel  dryer  is  of  necessity  in  moist 
warm  air.  There  is  just  as  good  re- 
sults obtained  as  if  it  were  dry  warm 
air.  Rain  at  the  ripening  time  of  the 
fruit,  and  even  a  fog,  prevents  the 
proper  formation  of  sugar.  Of  course 
the  sugar  is  mainly  produced  while  the 
fruit  is  ripening  on  the  tree. 

The  next  question  to  be  answered  is 
how  much  evaporated  fruit  should 
100  pounds  of  fresh  fruit  produce,  and 
this  to  some  extent  depends  on  the 
season  and  the  variety  that  you  raise. 
To  produce  good  keeping  fruit  with 
Italian  prunes,  my  observation  has 
been  in  an  ordinary  year  from  28  to 
30  pounds  is  enough,  doing  a  good  job 
of  drying.  There  is  not  as  much  sugar 
in  them  at  any  time  as  in  the  French 
under  like  soil  and  climatic  conditions. 
These  can  usually  make  about  33 
pounds  and  be  properly  cured,  while 
under  exceptional  circumstances  I 
have  seen  them  make  five  and  six 
pounds  more,  but  not  as  an  average.  I 
was  talking  to  a  man  once  who  was 
bragging  of  his  large  percentage  of 
dried  Italian  prunes  and  told  him  I  was 
afraid  they  were  not  sufficiently  cured. 
His  reply  was  that  the  packers  would 
take  them  and  they  would  go.  The 
fact  that  packers  will  take  them  doesn't 
make  the  proceeding  correct,  and  while 
the  grower  and  evaporator  may  reap  a 
temporary  small  advantage  by  such 
methods  he  is  injuring  not  only  him- 
self but  the  prune  industry  of  the  whole 
country. 

Now  the  object  in  preparing  prunes 
for  the  market  is  not  only  to  evaporate 


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WHEN  WRITING  ADVERTISERS  MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


WHEN  WRITING  ADVERTISERS  MENTION   BETTER  FRUIT 


BETTER  FRUIT 


Page  4p 


the  water  content  but  also  to  develop 
any  possible  sugar  that  has  not  been 
produced  while  the  fruit  is  on  the  tree. 
Referring  to  the  remark  of  the  grocer 
in  Portland  that  I  alluded  to  in  my 
first  communication,  that  the  packers, 
after  getting  the  fruit  from  the  dryers, 
injected  steam  into  them  to  make  them 
look  pretty  and  add  weight  and  grade,  ■ 
and  that  the  last  of  his  fruit  soured 
before  he  could  dispose  of  it,  it  looks 
to  me  unreasonable  that  such  a  process 
should  be  employed,  especially  when 
finishing  an  Italian  prime  at  the  high 
temperature,  as  they  will  after  the 
lapse  of  a  week  or  ten  days  in  bins 
produce  the  same  results.  I  always  try 
to  take  the  fruit  from  the  trays  while 
it  is  warm,  and  when  it  gets  cold  it  is 
hard,  but  in  a  few  days  in  the  bins  all 
that  hardness  disappears  except  in  the 
very  small  sizes.  Dried  fruit  is  hygro- 
metric  and  will  absorb  all  the  moisture 
it  should  have.  In  this  article  I  am 
writing  with  special  reference  to 
Italian  prunes. 


A  Troublesome  ^^Alien" 

The  State  College  of  Washington  is 
now  receiving  numerous  letters  from 
persons  seeking  information  as  to  how 
the  "Canada  thistle"  may  be  destroyed. 
Upon  this  subject  Dr.  Ira  D.  Cardiff, 
head  of  the  botany  department,  issues 
the  following  letter:  "The  name  'Can- 
ada' as  applied  to  this  thistle  is  very 
misleading.  The  plant  is  not  native  to 
North  America  at  all,  but  was  intro- 
duced from  Europe,  and  like  some  other 
aliens,  when  it  gets  possession  of  our 
agricultural  lands  causes  us  trouble. 
The  plant  is  propagated  both  by  seeds, 
which  are  very  numerous  and  easily 
distributed  by  the  wind,  and  by  under- 
ground root  stocks,  which  have  numer- 
ous shoots,  both  leafy  and  flowering.  I 
would  suggest  that  the  weedy  land  be 
plowed  deep  during  the  summer  before 
the  plants  seed;  in  fact  just  about  the 
time  the  flowers  open.  (It  would  per- 
haps facilitate  the  work  to  first  mow 
the  plants.)  Then,  by  repeated  cultiva- 
tion with  broad-sheared  cultivators  for 
several  years,  the  plants  can  be  kept 
down.  It  has  been  found  in  some  parts 
of  the  country  that  the  best  method  of 
cropping  to  get  rid  of  the  Canada 
thistle  is  a  three-year  rotation  of  crops, 
one  of  which  should  be  red  clover. 
The  farmers  cannot  give  too  much  at- 
tention to  the  question  of  the  eradica- 
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P^g<^  50  BETTER  FRUIT 

Northwest  Fruit  Growers' Unions  and  Associations 


Julx 


We  publish  free  in  this  column  the  name 
of  any  fruit  growers'  organization.  Secretaries 
are  requested  to  furnish  particulars  for  pub- 
lication. 

Oregon 

Albany  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Albany. 

Ashland  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Ashland. 

Benton  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Corvallis, 

Brownsville  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Brownsville. 

Butte  Falls  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Freewater. 

Coos  Bay  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Marshfield. 

Coquille  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Myrtle  Point. 

Cove  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Cove, 

Dallas  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Ballas. 

Douglas  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Roseburg. 

Dufur  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Dufur. 

Dundee  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Dundee. 

Dundee  Co-operative  Fruit  Growers  and  Packers,  Dundee. 

Estacada  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Estacada. 

Eugene  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Eugene. 

Hood  River  Apple  Growers'  Union.  Hood  River. 

Hyland  Fruit  Growers  of  Yamhill  County,  Sheridan. 

Imbler  Fruit  Growers'  Union.  Imbler, 

La  Grande  Fruit  Association,  La  Grande. 

Lincoln  County  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Toledo. 

Mcivrinnville  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  McMinnville. 

Milton  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Milton. 

Mosier  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Mosier. 

Mount  Hood  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Sandy. 

Newburg  Apple  Growers'  Association,  Newburg. 

Northwestern  Fruit  Exchange,  418  Spalding  Bldg..  Portland 

Northeast  Gaston  Farmers'  Association,  Forest  Grove. 

Oregon  City  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Oregon  City. 

Riddle  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Riddle. 

Rogue  River  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Medford. 

Salem  Fruit  Union.  Salem. 

Santiam  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Lebanon. 
Siuslaw  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Florence. 
Springbrook  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Springbrook. 
Stanfleld  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Stanfleld. 
Sutherlin  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Sutherlin. 
The  Dalles  Fruit  Growers'  Union.  The  Dalles. 
Ump3ua  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Roseburg. 
Washington  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Hillsboro. 
Willamette  Valley  Prune  Association.  Salem. 
Yankton  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Yankton. 

Washington 

^.pple  Growers'  Union  of  White  Salmon.  Underwood. 

Bay  Island  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Tacoma. 

Brewster  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Brewster. 

Buckley  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Buckley. 

Cashmere  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Cashmere. 

Clarkston  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Clarkston. 

Cowlitz  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Kelso. 

Di-yden  Fniit  Growers'  Union,  Dryden. 

Elma  Fniit  and  Produce  Association.  Elraa. 

Felida  Prune  Growers'  Association,  Vancouver. 

Garfield  Fruit  Growers'  Union.  Garfield. 

Goldendale  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Goldendale. 

Grandview  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Grandview. 

Granger  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Granger. 

Kalama  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Kalama. 

Kennewick  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Kennewick. 

Kiona  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Kiona. 

Lake  Chelan  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Chelan. 

Lewis  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Centralia. 

Lewis  River  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Woodland. 

Mason  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Shelton. 

Mount  Vernon  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Mount  Vernon. 

Northv/estern  Fruit  Exchange,  510  Chamber  of  Commerce 

Building,  Spokane. 
Peshastin  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Peshastin. 
Pullman  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Pullman. 
Puyallup  and  Sumner  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Puyallup. 


BUY  AND  TRY 

White 
River 
Flour 

MAKES 

Whiter,  Lighter 
Bread 


Spokane  County  Horticultural  Society,  Spokane. 
Spokane  District  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Spokane. 
Spokane  Inland  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Keisling. 
Spokane  Valley  Fruit  Growers  Co..  Otis  Orchards. 
Spokane  Valley  Growers'  Union,  Spokane. 
Southwest  Washington  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Chehalis. 
Stevens  County  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Myers  Falls. 
The  Graen  Bluffs  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Mead. 
The  Ridgefleld  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Ridgefleld, 
The  Touchet  Valley  Fruit  and  Produce  Union,  Dayton. 
Thurston  Comity  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Tumwater. 
A'ashon  Fruit  Union,  Vashon. 

Walla  Walla  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Union,  Walla  Walla. 
Wenatcht-e  District  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Wenatchee, 
Wenatchee  Valley  Fruit  Growers"  Association,  Wenatchee. 
White  River  Valley  Fruit  and  Berry  Growers'  Assn..  Kent. 
White  Salmon  Fruit  Growers'  Union.  White  Salmon. 
Yakima  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  North  Yaldma. 
Yakima  Valley  Fruit  and  Produce  Growers'  Assn..  Granger. 
Yakima  County  Horticultural  Union.  North  Yakima. 
Zillah  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Toppenish. 

Idaho 

Boise  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Boise. 

Caldwell  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Caldwell. 

Council  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Council. 

Emmett  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Emmett. 

Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Moscow. 

Lewiston  Orchards  Assembly,  Lewiston. 

Lewiston  Orchards  Association.  Lewiston. 

Nampa  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Nampa. 

New  Plymouth  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  New  Plymouth. 

Parma-Roswell  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Parma. 

Payette  Valley  Apple  Growers'  Union.  Payette. 

Twin  Falls  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Twin  Falls. 

Weiser  Fruit  and  Produce  Growers'  Association,  Weiser. 

Weiser  River  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Weiser. 

Colorado 

Boulder  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Boulder. 
Capital  Hill  Melon  Growers'  Association,  Rocky  Ford. 
Crawford  Fruit  Growers"  Association,  Crawford. 
Delta  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Delta. 
Denver  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Association,  Denver. 
Fair  Mount  Melon  Growers'  Association.  Swink. 
Fowler  Melon  Growers'  Association.  Fowler. 
Fremont  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Canon  City. 
Granada  Melon  Growers'  Association.  Granada. 
Grand  Junction  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Clifton,  Pal- 
isade, Grand  Junction. 
Kouns  Party  Cantaloupe  Growers'  Association,  Rocky  Ford. 
Lamar  Melon  Growers"  Association,  Lamar. 
Longmont  Produce  Exchange,  Longmont. 
Loveland  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Loveland. 
Manzanola  Fruit  Association,  Manzanola. 
Manzanola  Orchard  Association.  Manzanola. 
Montrose  J'ruit  and  Produce  Association,  Montrose. 
Newdale  Melon  Growers'  Association,  Swink. 
Palisade  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Palisade. 
Paonia  Fruit  Exchange.  Paonia. 

Pent  County  Melon  Growers'  Association,  Las  Animas. 

Produce  Association,  Debeque. 

Rifle  Fruit  and  Produce  Association.  Rifle. 

Roaring  Fork  Potato  Growers'  Association,  Carbondale. 

Rocky  Ford  Melon  Growers'  Association.  Rocky  Ford. 

San  Juan  Fruit  and  Produce  Growers'  Assn..  Durango. 

The  Producers'  Association,  Debeque. 

Western  Slope  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Palisade. 

Montana 

Bitter  Root  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Hamilton. 
Missoula  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Missoula. 
Woodside  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Woodside. 

Utah 

Bear  River  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Assn..  Bear  River  City. 
Brigham  City  Fnilt  Growers'  Association,  Brigham  City. 
Cache  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Wellsville. 
Centerville  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Centerville. 
Excelsior  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Clearfield  (post- 

otTice  Layton  R.  F.  D.). 
Farmers  and  Fruit  Growers'  Forwarding  Assn.,  Centerville. 
Green  River  Finit  Grovi'ers'  Association.  Green  River. 
Ogden  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Ogden. 
Springville  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Springville. 
Utah  County  Fruit  and  Produce  Association.  Provo. 
Willard  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Willard. 

California 

California  Farmers'  Union.  Fresno. 
California  Fruit  Exchange.  Sacramento. 
Fresno  Fruit  Growers'  Company.  Fresno. 
Lincoln  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Lincoln. 
Lodi  Fruit  Growers'  Union,  Lodi. 
Loomis  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Loomis. 
Newcastle  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Newcastle. 
Penryn  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Penryn. 
Sebastopol  Apple  Growers'  Union.  Sebastopol. 
Sebastopol  Berry  Growers'  Union,  Sebastopol. 
Stanislaus  Farmers'  Union,  Modesto. 

The  Supply   Company  of  the  California   Fruit  Growers' 

Association,  Los  Angeles. 
Turlock  I'ruit  Growers'  Association,  Turlock. 
Vacaville  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Vacaville. 
Winters  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Winters. 

New  Mexico 

San  Juan  Fruit  and  Produce  Association,  Farmington. 

British  Columbia 

Armstrong  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Armstrong. 

Boswell-Kootenay  Lake  Union,  Boswell. 

British  Columbia  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Victoria. 

Creston  Fruit  and  Produce  Exchange,  Creston. 

Grand  Forks  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Grand  Forks. 

Hammond  Fruit  Association.  Ltd.,  Hammond. 

Hatzic  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Hatzic. 

Kaslo  Horticultural  Association.  Kaslo. 

Kelowna  Farmers'  Exchange.  Ltd..  Kelowna. 

Kootenay  Fruit  Growers'  Union.  Ltd.,  Nelson. 

Jlission  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  Mission. 

Okanogan  Fruit  Union.  Ltd.,  Vernon. 

Queens  Bay  Fruit  Growers*  Association.  Queens  Bay. 

Salmon  Arm  Farmers'  Exchange.  Salmon  Arm. 

Summerland  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Summerland. 

Victoria  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange,  Victoria. 

Western  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Mission. 


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As  It  Fastens  Down 


Ask  Your  Dealer  or 
write  our  Agents 
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■  '  1 

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C.  S.  GILCHRIST,  President 


,   As  It  Opens 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

H.  W.  McPHAIL,  Vice  Pres.  and  Treas. 


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/ 


THE  WORLD  -  OUR  ORCHARD 

/ 

- .  / 

Steinbardt  $  Kelly 

101  PARK  PLACE 
/      NEW  YORK 

C^5^50  SHORT-CUT  the  process  of  distribution  is  ttie 
n  C\  constant  effort  of  every  Producer  and  Grower.  To 
the  Grower,  "Cutting  Out  the  Middleman"  suggests 
reduction  of  selling  cost.  To  the  Consumer  it  means  the 
reduction  of  the  high  cost  of  living.  The  Producer  must, 
however,  remember  that  as  long  as  he  produces  a  surplus 
of  any  thing  he  must  have  someone  to  market  and  dis- 
tribute that  surplus  and  to  put  it  in  circulation  where  and 
when  it  is  wanted. 

The  Messrs.  Steinhardt  &  Kelly  take  pride  in  the  fact 
that  they  have  done  more  toward  eliminating  the  high 
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of  endeavor,  entirely  due  to  their  scientific  and  economical 
system  of  marketing,  made  partly  possible  through  the 
enormous  tonnage  handled  by  them. 


/ 


Most  important  factors  and  largest  operators  in 
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